Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-10 (section)

==== 10.4.3.1 Key Drivers to Vulnerability ====

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The vulnerabilities to disaster in coastal regions with high population densities are reported in several studies ( [[#Sajjad--2018|Sajjad et al., 2018]] ) that have assessed the vulnerabilities of coastal communities along the Chinese coast and shown that roughly 25% of the coastline, and more than 5 million residents, are in highly vulnerable coastal areas of mainland China, and these numbers are expected to double by 2100. [[#Husnayaen--2018|Husnayaen et al. (2018)]] assessed the Semarang coast in Indonesia and showed that 20% of the total coastline (48.7 km) is very highly vulnerable. Mangroves continue to face threats due to pollution, conversion for aquaculture, agriculture, apart from climate-based threats like SLR and sea erosion ( [[#Richards--2016|Richards and Friess, 2016]] ; [[#Romañach--2018|Romañach et al., 2018]] ; [[#Wang--2018b|Wang et al., 2018b]] ; [[#Friess--2019|Friess et al., 2019]] ). Hypersalinity, storm effects on sediment deposition, fishery development and land erosion are responsible for most of the Sunderban mangrove degradations leading to loss of livelihood (Uddin, 2014; Paul, 2017). In the Sunderbans of Asia, climate change is expected to increase river salinisation, which in turn could significantly negatively impact the valued timber species, ''Heritiera fomes'' ( [[#Dasgupta--2017b|Dasgupta et al., 2017b]] ). Augmented potential for honey production is also predicted, which could increase the conflict between humans and wildlife ( [[#Dasgupta--2017b|Dasgupta et al., 2017b]] ).

Destruction by natural hazards was found to remove the above-ground C pool, but the sediment C pool was found to be maintained ( [[#Chen--2018b|Chen et al., 2018b]] ). In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami severely impacted mangrove habitats at the Nicobar Islands ( [[#Nehru--2018|Nehru and Balasubramanian, 2018]] ), although new inter-tidal habitats suitable for mangrove colonisation did develop. Mangrove species with a wide distribution and larger propagules showed high colonisation potential in the new habitats compared with other species ( [[#Nehru--2018|Nehru and Balasubramanian, 2018]] ). Mangrove sites in Asia are predominantly minerogenic, so continued sediment supply is essential for the long-term resilience of Asia’s mangroves to SLR ( [[#Lovelock--2015|Lovelock et al., 2015]] ; [[#Balke--2016|Balke and Friess, 2016]] ; [[#Ward--2016a|Ward et al., 2016a]] ; [[#Ward--2016b|Ward et al., 2016b]] ).

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