Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Cross-Chapter-Box-9 (section)

== Introduction ==

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LLIC are already experiencing the impacts of climate-related changes to the ocean and cryosphere, for both extreme events and slow onset changes (Sections 4.3.3, 5.3.1 to 5.3.6, 6.2, 6.8, 6.9), due to their low elevation, narrow ecological zonation, climate sensitive ecosystems and natural resources, as well as increasing anthropogenic pressures (Sections 1.5, 4.3.2). High levels of impacts to coastal morphology, ecosystems and dependent human communities are detectable today and disproportionately higher risks are expected in the course of the 21st century ( ''medium evidence, high agreement'' ) (Sections 4.3.4, 5.3.7), even under a low emission pathway compatible with a 1.5°C global warming (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2018; IPCC, 2018). The magnitude of projected impacts (i.e., risks; Cross-Chapter Box 2 in Chapter 1) will depend on future greenhouse gas emissions and the associated climate changes, as well as on other drivers such as population movement into risk-prone areas and societal efforts to adapt.

LLIC include a wide diversity of systems (Figure CB9.1). Relevant regions occur on both islands and continents from the tropics to the poles, and support urban and rural societies from across the development spectrum (including SIDS and Least Developed Countries (LDCs)). LLIC host around 11% of the global population (Neumann et al., 2015), and generate about 14% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Kummu et al., 2016). This integrative Cross-Chapter Box focuses on the array of challenges created by the melting of the cryosphere and the changing ocean, described throughout the report, to address societal risks, adaptation and the future habitability of LLIC.

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'''Figure CB9.1'''

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'''Figure CB9.1 | The global distribution of low-lying islands and coasts (LLIC) particularly at risk from sea level rise This map considers the Low Elevation Coastal Zone (elevation data from National Geophysical Data Center, 1999; LECZ, defined by McGranahan et al., 2007), islands with a maximum elevation of 10 m above sea level (Weigelt et […]'''
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[[File:1118259b65415f8aaaf023ba1db2bc68 IPCC-SROCC-CCB_9_1.jpg]]

Figure CB9.1 | The global distribution of low-lying islands and coasts (LLIC) particularly at risk from sea level rise This map considers the Low Elevation Coastal Zone (elevation data from National Geophysical Data Center, 1999; LECZ, defined by McGranahan et al., 2007), islands with a maximum elevation of 10 m above sea level (Weigelt et al., 2013), Small Island Developing States (SIDS; UN-OHRLLS, n.d.), coastal megacities (cities with more than 10 million inhabitants, within 100 km from coast, and maximum 50 m above sea level; Pelling and Blackburn, 2013; UN-DESA, 2018) and deltas (Tessler et al., 2015). Regional sea level changes refer to projections under Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP)8.5 (2081–2100) (see Figure 4.8).

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