Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-3 (section)

==== 3.4.2.5 Impacts on water scarcity and use ====

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Reduced water retention capacity of degraded soils amplifies floods (de la Paix et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r727|727]]</sup> ), reinforces degradation processes through soil erosion, and reduces annual intake of water to aquifers, exacerbating existing water scarcities (Le Roux et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r728|728]]</sup> ; Cano et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r729|729]]</sup> ). Reduced vegetation cover and more intense dust storms were found to intensify droughts (Cook et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r730|730]]</sup> ). Moreover, secondary salinisation in the irrigated drylands often requires leaching with considerable amounts of water (Greene et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r731|731]]</sup> ; Wichelns and Qadir 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r732|732]]</sup> ). Thus, different types of soil degradation increase water scarcity both through lower water quantity and quality (Liu et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r733|733]]</sup> ; Liu et al. 2016c <sup>[[#fn:r734|734]]</sup> ). All these processes reduce water availability for other needs. In this context, climate change will further intensify water scarcity in some dryland areas and increase the frequency of droughts ( ''medium confidence'' ) (IPCC 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r735|735]]</sup> ; Zheng et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r736|736]]</sup> ) (Section 2.2). Higher water scarcity may imply growing use of wastewater effluents for irrigation (Pedrero et al. 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r737|737]]</sup> ). The use of untreated wastewater exacerbates soil degradation processes (Tal 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r738|738]]</sup> ; Singh et al. 2004 <sup>[[#fn:r739|739]]</sup> ; Qishlaqi et al. 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r740|740]]</sup> ; Hanjra et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r741|741]]</sup> ), in addition to negative human health impacts (Faour-Klingbeil and Todd 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r742|742]]</sup> ; Hanjra et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r743|743]]</sup> ). Climate change will thus amplify the need for integrated land and water management for sustainable development.

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