Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-16 (section)

=== Box 16.3 | Investments in Public Energy Research and Development ===

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Public energy R&amp;D investments are a crucial driver of energy technology innovation (Sections 16.2.1.1 and 16.4.1). Box 16.3, Figure 1 shows the time profile of energy-related RD&amp;D budgets in OECD countries as well as some key events which coincided with developments of spending (IEA 2019). Such data on other countries, in particular developing countries, are not available, although recent evidence suggests that expenditures are increasing there (IEA 2020c). The IEA collected partial data from China and India in the context of Mission Innovation, but this is only available starting from 2014 and thus not included in Figure 1.

The figure illustrates two points. First, energy-related RD&amp;D has risen slowly in the last 20 years, and is now reaching levels comparable with the peak of energy RD&amp;D investments following the two oil crises. Second, over time there has been a reorientation of the portfolio of funded energy technologies away from nuclear energy. In 2019, around 80% of all public energy RD&amp;D spending was on low-emission technologies – energy efficiency, carbon dioxide capture, use and storage, renewables, nuclear, hydrogen, energy storage and cross-cutting issues such as smart grids. A more detailed discussion of the time profile of RD&amp;D spending in IEA countries, including as a share of GDP, is available in IEA (2020b).

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'''Box 16.3, Figure 1 | Fraction of public energy RD&amp;D spending by technology over time for IEA (largely OECD) countries between 1974 and 2018.''' Sources: RD&amp;D Database (2019), IEA (2019) (extracted on November 11, 2020).

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