Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-4 (section)

==== 4.3.3.7 Green urban infrastructure and ecosystem services ====

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Integrating and promoting green urban infrastructure (including street trees, parks, green roofs and facades, and water features) into city planning can be difficult (Leck et al., 2015) <sup>[[#fn:r388|388]]</sup> but increases urban resilience to impacts of 1.5°C warming (Table 4.2) in ways that can be more cost-effective than conventional infrastructure (Cartwright et al., 2013; Culwick and Bobbins, 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r389|389]]</sup> .

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'''Table 4.2'''

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'''Green urban infrastructure and benefits'''

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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Green<br />
Infrastructure
! Adaptation<br />
Benefits
! Mitigation<br />
Benefits
! References
|-
| Urban tree planting,<br />
urban parks
| Reduced heat island effect, psychological benefits
| Less cement, reduced air-conditioning use
| Demuzere et al., 2014; Mullaney et al., 2015; Soderlund and Newman, 2015; Beaudoin and Gosselin, 2016; Green et al., 2016; Lin et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r390|390]]</sup>
|-
| Permeable surfaces
| Water recharge
| Less cement in city, some bio-sequestration, less water pumping
| Liu et al., 2014; Lamond et al., 2015; Skougaard Kaspersen et al., 2015; Voskamp and Van de Ven, 2015; Costa et al., 2016; Mguni et al., 2016; Xie et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r391|391]]</sup>
|-
| Forest retention, urban agricultural land
| Flood mediation, healthy lifestyles
| Reduced air pollution
| Nowak et al., 2006; Tallis et al., 2011; Elmqvist et al., 2013; Buckeridge, 2015; Culwick and Bobbins, 2016; Panagopoulos et al., 2016; Stevenson et al., 2016; R. White et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r392|392]]</sup>
|-
| Wetland restoration, riparian buffer zones
| Reduced urban flooding, low-skilled local work, sense of place
| Some bio-sequestration,<br />
less energy spent on water treatment
| Cartwright et al., 2013; Elmqvist et al., 2015; Brown and McGranahan, 2016; Camps-Calvet et al., 2016; Culwick and Bobbins, 2016; McPhearson et al., 2016; Ziervogel et al., 2016b; Collas et al., 2017; F. Li et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r393|393]]</sup>
|-
| Biodiverse urban habitat
| Psychological benefits, inner-city recreation
| Carbon sequestration
| Beatley, 2011; Elmqvist et al., 2015; Brown and McGranahan, 2016; Camps-Calvet et al., 2016; McPhearson et al., 2016; Collas et al., 2017; F. Li et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r394|394]]</sup>
|}
<!-- END TABLE -->

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Realizing climate benefits from urban green infrastructure sometimes requires a city-region perspective (Wachsmuth et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r395|395]]</sup> . Where the urban impact on ecological systems in and beyond the city is appreciated, the potential for transformative change exists (Soderlund and Newman, 2015; Ziervogel et al., 2016a) <sup>[[#fn:r396|396]]</sup> , and a locally appropriate combination of green space, ecosystem goods and services and the built environment can increase the set of urban adaptation options (Puppim de Oliveira et al., 2013) <sup>[[#fn:r397|397]]</sup> .

Milan, Italy, a city with deliberate urban greening policies, planted 10,000 hectares of new forest and green areas over the last two decades (Sanesi et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r398|398]]</sup> . The accelerated growth of urban trees, relative to rural trees, in several regions of the world is expected to decrease tree longevity (Pretzsch et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r399|399]]</sup> , requiring monitoring and additional management of urban trees if their contribution to urban ecosystem-based adaptation and mitigation is to be maintained in a 1.5°C world (Buckeridge, 2015; Pretzsch et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r400|400]]</sup> .

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