Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

=== 7.4.1 Multi-level policy instruments ===

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Policy responses and planning in relation to land and climate interactions occur at and across multiple levels, involve multiple actors, and utilise multiple planning mechanisms (Urwin and Jordan 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r359|359]]</sup> ). Climate change is occurring on a global scale while the impacts of climate change vary from region to region and even within a region. Therefore, in addressing local climate impacts, local governments and communities are key players. Advancing governance of climate change across all levels of government and relevant stakeholders is crucial to avoid policy gaps between local action plans and national/ sub-national policy frameworks (Corfee-Morlot et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r360|360]]</sup> ).

This section of the chapter identifies policies by level that respond to land and climate problems and risks. As risk management in relation to land and climate occurs at multiple levels by multiple actors, and across multiple sectors in relation to hazards (as listed on Table 7.2), risk governance, or the consideration of the landscapes of risk arising from Chapters 2 to 6 is addressed in Sections 7.5 and 7.6. Categories of instruments include regulatory instruments (command and control measures), economic and market instruments (creating a market, sending price signals, or employing a market strategy), voluntary of persuasive instruments (persuading people to internalise behaviour), and managerial (arrangements including multiple actors in cooperatively administering a resource or overseeing an issue) (Gupta et al. 2013a <sup>[[#fn:r361|361]]</sup> ; Hurlbert 2018b <sup>[[#fn:r362|362]]</sup> ).

Given the complex spatial and temporal dynamics of risk, a comprehensive, portfolio of instruments and responses is required to comprehensively manage risk. Operationalising a portfolio response can mean layering, sequencing or integrating approaches. Layering means that, within a geographical area, households are able to benefit from multiple interventions simultaneously (e.g., those for family planning and those for livelihoods development). A sequencing approach starts with those interventions that address the initial binding constraints, and then adding further interventions later (e.g., the poorest households first receive grant-based support before then gaining access to appropriate microfinance or market-oriented initiatives). Integrated approaches involve cross-sectoral support within the framework of one programme (Scott et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r363|363]]</sup> ; Tengberg and Valencia 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r364|364]]</sup> ) (Sections 7.4.8, 7.5.6 and 7.6.3).

Climate-related risk could be categorised by climate impacts such as flood, drought, cyclone, and so on (Christenson et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r365|365]]</sup> ). Table 7.2 outlines instruments relating to impacts responding to the risk of climate change, food insecurity, land degradation and desertification, and hazards (flood, drought, forest fire), and GHG fluxes (climate mitigation).

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'''Table 7.2'''

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'''Policies/instruments that address multiple land-climate risks at different jurisdictional levels.'''
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[[File:4a9b310283d9b768848b8cc118380ad7 table-7.2-a.png]] [[File:d31e215d80ee54e8330b94d5ce82c854 table-7.2-b.png]]

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