Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-11 (section)

===== 11.3.4.1.1 Observed impacts =====

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Drought, heat and frost in recent decades have shown the vulnerability of Australian field crops and horticulture to climate change ( [[#Cai--2014|Cai et al., 2014]] ; [[#Howden--2014|Howden et al., 2014]] ; [[#CSIRO%20and%20BOM--2015|CSIRO and BOM, 2015]] ; [[#Lobell--2015|Lobell et al., 2015]] ; [[#Hughes--2017|Hughes and Lawson, 2017]] ; [[#King--2017|King et al., 2017]] ; [[#Webb--2017|Webb et al., 2017]] ; [[#Harris--2020|Harris et al., 2020]] ) as recognised by policymakers ( [[#CoA--2019a|CoA, 2019a]] ) ( ''high confidence'' ). Northern Australia’s agricultural output losses are on average 19% each year due to drought ( [[#Thi%20Tran--2016|Thi Tran et al., 2016]] ). In southern Australia, the frequency of frost has been relatively unchanged since the 1980s ( [[#Dittus--2014|Dittus et al., 2014]] ; [[#Pepler--2018|Pepler et al., 2018]] ; [[#BoM%20and%20CSIRO--2020|BoM and]] [[#CSIRO--2020|CSIRO, 2020]] ). Drier winters have increased the irrigation requirement for wine grapes ( [[#Bonada--2020|Bonada et al., 2020]] ), while smoke from the 2019/20 fires, which occurred early in the season, caused significant taint damage ( [[#Jiang--2021|Jiang et al., 2021]] ). In New Zealand, reduced winter chill has a compounded impact on the kiwifruit industry, resulting in early harvest and increased energy demand for refrigeration and port access problems ( [[#Cradock-Henry--2019|Cradock-Henry et al., 2019]] ) (11.5).

Across all types of agriculture, drought and its physical flow-on effects have caused financial and emotional disruption and stress in farm households and communities ( [[#Austin--2018|Austin et al., 2018]] ; [[#Bryant--2018|Bryant and Garnham, 2018]] ; [[#Yazd--2019|Yazd et al., 2019]] ) (11.3.6). Severe and uncertain climate conditions are statistically associated with increases in farmer suicide ( [[#Crnek-Georgeson--2017|Crnek-Georgeson et al., 2017]] ; [[#Perceval--2019|Perceval et al., 2019]] ). Rural women often carry extra stress and responsibilities, including increased unpaid and paid work and emotional load ( [[#Whittenbury--2013|Whittenbury, 2013]] ; [[#Hanigan--2018|Hanigan et al., 2018]] ; [[#Rich--2018|Rich et al., 2018]] ).

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