Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/TS (section)

=== Strengthening the biosphere ===

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'''TS.D.4 Diverse, self-sustaining ecosystems with healthy biodi''' '''versity provide multiple contributions to people that a''' '''re''' '''essential for climate change adaptation and mitigation, the''' '''reby r''' '''educing risk and increasing societal resilience to future clim''' '''ate change (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). Better ecosystem protection and''' '''management''' '''is key to reduce the risks that climate change''' '''poses''' '''to biodiversity and ecosystem services and build resilience; it is also essential that climate change adaptation be''' '''integrated''' '''into the planning and implementation of conservation and''' '''environmental''' '''management if it is to be fully effective in future (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). Risks to ecosystems from climate change can be reduced by protection and restoration and also by a range of targeted actions to adapt conservation practice to climate cha''' '''nge (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). Protected areas are key elements''' '''of a''' '''daptation but need to be planned and managed in ways tha''' '''t take account of climate change, including shifting species distrib''' '''utions and changes in biological communities and ecosystem''' '''s''' '''tructure. Adaptation to protect ecosystem health and integrity''' '''is''' '''essential to maintain ecosystem services, including for climate''' '''change mitigation and the prevention of greenhouse gas''' '''emissions''' '''.''' (Figure TS.12, Figure TS.5 ECOSYSTEMS) { 2.5.4, 2.6.2, 2.6.3, 2.6.6, 2.6.7, 3.6.2, 3.6.3, 3.6.5, 4.6.6, Box 4.6, 5.14.1, 12.5.1, 13.3.2, 13.4.2, Box 14.7, 15.5.4, 15.5.6, CCP1, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.1 CCP5.4.1] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.2 CCP5.4.2] , CCB NATURAL }

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[[File:5461265e0bc6c476d9261fd5c189432a IPCC_AR6_WGII_Figure_TS_012.png]]

'''Figure TS.12 |''' '''This figure shows the interconnectedness between different ecosystems and system transitions, with human activities in urban, rural and coastal locations embedded in ecosystems.''' Maintaining biosphere integrity is essential for biodiversity, human and societal health and a precondition for climate resilient development. Panel a) illustrates how adaptation, mitigation and development actions characterised by exploitation and degradation lead to unsustainable development and adverse outcomes for human well-being and ecosystem integrity. Panel b) illustrates how adaptation options, implemented in an integrated way with mitigation and development and based on ecosystem stewardship, can support climate resilient development (Figure TS.13). The protection or restoration of one or more of these ecosystems also provides benefits to the other ecosystems and enhances the services provided that improve livelihoods. Protecting and restoring ecosystem health as a part of societal development and through societal choices is a key transformative solution space for climate resilient development { 2.5, 2.6, 3.5, 3.6, 4.3, 5.13, 6.3, 7.4, CCP1, CCP3, CCP5, Box 18.5 }

'''TS.D.4.1 Ecosystem protection and restoration can build resilience of ecosystems and generate opportunities to restore ecosystem services with substantial co-benefits (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''') and provision of ecosystem-based adaptation.''' [[#footnote-007|7]] Ecosystem-based adaptation includes protection and restoration of forests, grasslands, peatlands and other wetlands, blue carbon systems (mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass meadows), and agroecological farming practices. In coastal systems, nature-based solutions, including ecosystem-based adaptation, can reduce impacts for human settlements until sea level ris e results in habitat loss. High rates of warming and drought ma y s everely threaten the success of nature-based solutions such as fore st ex pansion or peatland restoration. Ecosystem-based adaptation i s be ing increasingly advocated in coastal defence against storm surg es, te rrestrial flood regulation, reducing urban heat and restoring natur al fire regimes. Nature-based solutions, including ecosystem-based adaptation , can therefore reduce risks for ecosystems and benefit people, provided they are planned and implemented in the right way and in the right place. For example, coastal wetlands and ecosystems can also be seriously damaged by coastal defences designed to protect infrastructure. { 2.6.2, 2.6.3, 2.6.5, 2.6.7, Table 2.7, 3.4.2, 3.5.5, 3.6.2, 3.6.3, 9.6.3, 9.6.4, 13.2.2, 13.3.2, 13.4.2, 13.5.2, 13.6.1, Box 14.7, CCB NATURAL, CCB SLR }

'''TS.D.4.2 Increasing the resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services to climate change includes minimising additional stresses or disturbances, reducing fragmentation, increasing natural habitat extent, connectivity and heterogeneity, maintaining taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity and redundancy and protecting small-scale refugia where microclimate conditions can allow species to persist (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''')''' '''''.''''' In some cases, specific management interventions may be possible to reduce risks to individual species or biological communities, including translocation or manipulating microclimate or site hydrology. Adaptation also includes actions to prevent the impacts of extreme events or aid the recovery of ecosystems following extreme events, such as wildfire, drought or marine heatwaves. In some cases, recovery of ecosystems from extreme events can be facilitated by removing other human pressures. Understanding the characteristics of vulnerable species can assist in early warning systems to minimise negative impacts and inform management intervention. (Figure TS.5 ECOSYSTEMS) { 2.3, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.5.3, 2.5.4, 2.6.2, 2.6.5, 2.6.7, 2.6.8, Figure 2.1, Table 2.6, Table 2.8, 3.6.3, 3.6.5, 4.6.6, Box 4.6, 12.5.1, 13.3.2, 13.4.2, 13.10.2, Box 14.7, 15.5.4, CCB EXTREMES, CCB FEASIB }

'''TS.D.4.4 Available adaptation options can reduce risks to ecosystems and the services they provide, but they cannot prevent all changes and should not be regarded as a substitute for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Ambitious and swift global mitigation offers more adaptation options and pathways to sustain ecosystems and their services ( ''high confidence'' ). Even under current climate change, it is necessary to take account of climate change impacts, which are already occurring or are inevitable, in environmental management to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services ( ''high confidence'' ), and this will become increasingly important at higher levels of warming. (Figure TS.5 ECOSYSTEMS) { 2.2, 2.3, 2.4.5, 2.5.1, 2.5.2, 2.5.3, 2.5.4, 2.6.1, 2.6.2, 2.6.3, 2.6.4, 2.6.5, 2.6.6, 2.6.7, 2.6.8, 3.4.2, 3.4.3, 3.5.2, 3.5.3, 3.5.5, 3.6.2, 3.6.3, 3.6.5, Figure 3.24, Figure 3.25, 4.6.6, Box 4.6, Box 4.7, 13.4.2, Box 14.7, 15.5.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.2 CCP5.4.2] , CCB FEASIB, CCB NATURAL }

'''TS.D.4.5 Ecosystem-based adaptation measures can reduce climatic risks to people, including from flood, drought, fire and overheating (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''')''' '''''.''''' Ecosystem-based adaptation approaches are increasingly being used as part of strategies to manage flood risk, at the coast in the face of rising sea levels and inland in the context of more extreme rainfall events ( ''high confidence'' ). Flood-risk measures that work with nature by allowing flooding within coastal and wetland ecosystems and support sediment accretion can reduce costs and bring substantial co-benefits to ecosystems, liveability and livelihoods ( ''high confidence'' ). In urban areas, trees and natural areas can lower temperatures by providing shade and cooling from evapotranspiration ( ''high confidence'' ). Restoration of ecosystems in catchments can also support water supplies during periods of variable rainfall and maintain water quality and, combined with inclusive water regimes that overcome social inequalities, provide disaster risk reduction and sustainable development ( ''high confidence'' ). Restoring natural vegetation cover and wildfire regimes can reduce risks to people from catastrophic fires. Restoration of wetlands could support livelihoods and help sequester carbon ( ''medium confidence'' ), provided they are allowed accommodation space. Ecosystem-based adaptation approaches can be cost effective and provide a wide range of additional co-benefits in terms of ecosystem services and biodiversity protection and enhancement. (Figure TS.9 URBAN, Figure TS.11a) { 2.6.3, 2.6.5, 2.6.7, Table 2.7, 3.6.2, 3.6.3, 3.6.5, Box 4.6, Box 4.7, 12.5.1, 12.5.3, 12.5.5, 13.2.2, 13.3.2, 13.6.2, Box 14.7, 15.5.4, Figure 15.7, CCP2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.2 CCP5.4.2] , CCB NATURAL, CCB SLR }

'''TS.D.4.6 Ecosystem-based adaptation and other nature-based solutions''' [[#footnote-008|8]] '''are themselves vulnerable to climate change impacts (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''').''' Under higher emissions scenarios they will increasingly be under threat. Nature-based solutions cannot deliver the full range of benefits, unless they are based on functioning, resilient ecosystems and developed taking account of adaptation principles. There is a serious risk that high-carbon ecosystems will become sources of greenhouse gas emissions, which makes it increasingly difficult to halt anthropogenic climate change without prompt protection, restoration, adaptation and mitigation at a global scale. { 2.5.2, 2.5.3, 2.5.4, 2.6.3, 2.6.5, 2.6.6, 2.6.7, 3.6.2, 3.6.3, 3.6.5, Box 4.6, 13.4.2, 15.3.3, 15.5.4, CCB NATURAL, CCB SLR }

'''TS.D.4.7 Potential benefits and avoidance of harm are maximised when nature-based solutions are deployed in the right places and with the right approaches for those areas, with inclusive governance (''' '''''high''''' '''''confidence''''' ''').''' Taking account of interdisciplinary scientific information, Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge and practical expertise is essential to effective ecosystem-based adaptation ( ''high confidence'' ). There is a large risk of maladaptation where this does not happen ( ''medium confidence'' ). For example, naturally treeless peatlands can be afforested if they are drained, but this leads to the loss of distinctive peatland species as well as high greenhouse gas emissions. It is important that nature-based solution approaches to climate change mitigation also take account of climate change adaptation if they are to remain effective. { 1.4.2, 2.2, 2.4.3, 2.4.4, 2.5.2, 2.5.3, 2.6.2, 2.6.3, 2.6.5, 2.6.6, 2.6.7, Box 2.2, Table 2.6, Table 2.7, 3.6.3, 3.6.5, 4.7.2, Box 4.6, 5.14.2, 13.4.2, Box 14.7, 15.5.4, CCP1, CCB NATURAL }

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