Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-2 (section)

===== 2.3.2.2.2 Changes in vulnerability =====

Considering the wide ranging social, economic, and institutional factors that enable communities to adequately prepare for, respond to and recover from climate change impacts (Cutter and Morath, 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r609|609]]</sup> ), there is ''limited evidence'' and ''high agreement'' that mountain communities, particularly within developing countries, are highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of enhanced cryosphere hazards. There are few studies that have systematically investigated the vulnerability of mountain communities to natural hazards (Carey et al., 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r610|610]]</sup> ). Coping capacities to withstand impacts from natural hazards in mountain communities are constrained due to a number of reasons. Fundamental weather and climate information is lacking to support both short-term early warning for imminent disasters, and long-term adaptation planning (Rohrer et al., 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r611|611]]</sup> ; Xenarios et al., 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r612|612]]</sup> ). Communities may be politically and socially marginalised (Marston, 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r613|613]]</sup> ). Incomes are typically lower and opportunities for livelihood diversification restricted (McDowell et al., 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r614|614]]</sup> ). Emergency responders can have difficulties accessing remote mountain valleys after disasters strike (Sati and Gahalaut, 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r615|615]]</sup> ). Cultural or social ties to the land can limit freedom of movement (Oliver-Smith, 1996 <sup>[[#fn:r615|615]]</sup> ). Conversely, there is evidence that some mountain communities exhibit enhanced levels of resilience, drawing on long-standing experience, and Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge (Cross-Chapter Box 4 in Chapter 1) gained over many centuries of living with extremes of climate and related disasters (Gardner and Dekens, 2006 <sup>[[#fn:r616|616]]</sup> ). In the absence of sufficient data, few studies have considered temporal trends in vulnerability (Huggel et al., 2015a <sup>[[#fn:r617|617]]</sup> ).

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