Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-14 (section)

==== 14.5.4.4 Food and Fibre Adaptation: Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry ====

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Land management and horticulture approaches that preserve and improve soil structure and organic matter can reduce erosion ( ''high confidence'' ) (Sections 14.5.1, 14.5.3; [[#Lal--2011|Lal et al., 2011]] ; [[#Bisbis--2018|Bisbis et al., 2018]] ). Preserving biodiversity and water, changing planting dates and double cropping are also effective climate adaptation strategies ( [[#Bisbis--2018|Bisbis et al., 2018]] ; [[#Hernandez-Ochoa--2018|Hernandez-Ochoa et al., 2018]] ; [[#Monterroso-Rivas--2018|Monterroso-Rivas et al., 2018]] ; [[#Wolfe--2018|Wolfe et al., 2018]] ). Traditional agriculture inherently includes climate adaptive practices that enhance biodiversity, soil quality and agricultural production (e.g., multiple cultivars, heat-tolerant heritage cattle breeds) ( [[#Bermeo--2014|Bermeo et al., 2014]] ; [[#Gomez-Aiza--2017|Gomez-Aiza et al., 2017]] ; [[#Ortiz-Colón--2018|Ortiz-Colón et al., 2018]] ). Agroecology and agroforestry (see Box 14.7) in North America has expanded from (but not replaced) traditional and rural practices in Mexico ( [[#Metcalfe--2020a|Metcalfe et al., 2020a]] ) as a sustainable and climate-resilient alternative to industrial agriculture ( [[#Schoeneberger--2017|Schoeneberger et al., 2017]] ) that increases productivity (by 6–65% depending on the crop), enhances microclimates and provides co-benefits for GHG mitigation ( [[#Abbas--2017|Abbas et al., 2017]] ; [[#Cardinael--2017|Cardinael et al., 2017]] ; [[#Schoeneberger--2017|Schoeneberger et al., 2017]] ; [[#Snapp--2021|Snapp et al., 2021]] ). Irrigation is an effective adaptation strategy in key agricultural areas ( [[#Miller--2017|Miller, 2017]] ; [[#Lund--2018|Lund et al., 2018]] ) and could stabilise food security in rain-fed regions (e.g., southeast Mexico) ( [[#Spring--2014|Spring, 2014]] ); water allocation must balance multiple needs and rights ( ''medium confidence'' ) ( [[#14.5.3|Section 14.5.3]] ; [[#Brown--2015b|Brown et al., 2015b]] ; [[#Levis--2018|Levis et al., 2018]] ; [[#Gomez%20Diaz--2019|Gomez Diaz et al., 2019]] ). Heritage livestock breeds, changing species and precision-ranching technology may promote ranch and rangeland resilience ( [[#Zhao--2013|Zhao et al., 2013]] ). In loblolly pine plantations in the southern USA, effective adaptation includes reducing tree density and, less effectively, shifting to slash pine ( [[#Susaeta--2014|Susaeta et al., 2014]] ). Salvage logging following forest disturbances (e.g., insect outbreaks) can increase timber harvest ( [[#Bogdanski--2011|Bogdanski et al., 2011]] ; [[#USDA%20Forst%20Service--2011|USDA Forst Service, 2011]] ; [[#Han--2018|Han et al., 2018]] ; [[#Morris--2018a|Morris et al., 2018a]] ).

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