Editing IPCC:AR6/Data/Glossary (section)

== F ==

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Faculae"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Faculae</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Bright patches on the Sun. The area covered by faculae is greater during periods of high solar activity.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Fairness"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Fairness</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Impartial and just treatment without favouritism or discrimination in which each person is considered of equal worth with equal opportunity.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Feasibility"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Feasibility</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' In this report, feasibility refers to the potential for a mitigation or adaptation option to be implemented. Factors influencing feasibility are context-dependent, temporally dynamic and may vary between different groups and actors. Feasibility depends on geophysical, environmental-ecological, technological, economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors that enable or constrain the implementation of an option. The feasibility of options may change when different options are combined, and increase when enabling conditions are strengthened.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Final_energy"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Final energy</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The energy delivered to final users (firms, individuals, institutions), where it becomes usable energy in supplying energy services (e.g., light, heat, mobility).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Fine-mode_aerosol_optical_depth"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Fine-mode aerosol optical depth</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Aerosol optical depth due to aerosol particles smaller than 1 µm in radius.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Fingerprint"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Fingerprint</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The climate response pattern in space and/or time to a specific forcing is commonly referred to as a fingerprint. The spatial patterns of sea level response to melting of glaciers or ice sheet s (or other changes in surface loading) are also referred to as fingerprints. Fingerprints are used to detect the presence of this response in observations and are typically estimated using forced climate model simulations.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Fire_weather"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Fire weather</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Weather conditions conducive to triggering and sustaining wildfires, usually based on a set of indicators and combinations of indicators including temperature, soil moisture, humidity, and wind. Fire weather does not include the presence or absence of fuel load.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Firn"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Firn</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Snow that has survived at least one ablation season but has not been transformed to glacier ice. Its pore space is at least partially interconnected, allowing air and water to circulate. Firn densities typically are 400–830 kg m –3.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Fitness-for-purpose"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Fitness-for-purpose</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The suitability of a model (or other resource, such as a dataset or method) for a particular task, such as quantifying the contribution of increased greenhouse gas concentrations to recent changes in global mean surface temperature or projecting changes in drought frequency in a region under a given scenario. Assessment of a model’s fitness-for-purpose can be informed both by how the model represents relevant physical processes and by how it scores on relevant performance metrics.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Flaring"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Flaring</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Open air burning of waste gases and volatile liquids, through a chimney, at oil wells or rigs, in refineries or chemical plants, and at landfills.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Flexibility"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Flexibility</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Flexibility (demand and supply)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Adjustment of energy load characteristics by technical and/or non-technical change to balance energy demand and supply.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Flexible_governance"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Flexible governance</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Strategies of governance at various levels, which prioritise the use of social learning and rapid feedback mechanisms in planning and policymaking, often through incremental, experimental and iterative management processes.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Flood"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Flood</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The overflowing of the normal confines of a stream or other water body, or the accumulation of water over areas that are not normally submerged. Floods can be caused by unusually heavy rain, for example, during storms and cyclones. Floods include river (fluvial) floods, flash floods, urban floods, rain (pluvial) floods, sewer floods, coastal floods, and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Flux"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Flux</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A movement (a flow) of matter (e.g., water vapour, particles), heat or energy from one place to another, or from one medium (e.g., land surface) to another (e.g., atmosphere).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Food-borne_diseases"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Food-borne diseases</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Illnesses transmitted through the consumption of unsafe or contaminated food. That contamination can come from a variety of sources, including contaminated water (adapted from UNEP, 2018).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Food_loss_and_waste"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Food loss and waste</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' ‘The decrease in quantity or quality of food’. Food waste is part of food loss and refers to discarding or alternative (non-food) use of food that is safe and nutritious for human consumption along the entire food supply chain, from primary production to end household consumer level. Food waste is recognised as a distinct part of food loss because the drivers that generate it and the solutions to it are different from those of food losses (FAO, 2015).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Food_security"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Food security</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The four pillars of food security are: access; availability; stability; and utilisation. The nutritional dimension is integral to the concept of food security (FAO, 2009,2018).</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Food_system"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Food system</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' All the elements (environment, people, inputs, processes, infrastructures, institutions, etc.) and activities that relate to the production, processing, distribution, preparation and consumption of food, and the output of these activities, including socio-economic and environmental outcomes (HLPE, 2017). [Note: Whilst there is a global food system (encompassing the totality of global production and consumption), each location’s food system is unique, being defined by that place’s mix of food produced locally, nationally, regionally or globally.]</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Foraminifera"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Foraminifera</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Single-celled, sand-sized marine organisms (protists) that possess a hard test mainly composed of agglutinated walls (detrital grains glued together with organic cement) or calcium carbonate (predominantly calcite). They are used to reconstruct a range of (paleo)environmental variables such as salinity, temperature, oxygenation, oxygen isotope composition and organic and nutrient flux.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Forcing"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Forcing</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Radiative forcing is the change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W m2) at the tropopause or top of atmosphere due to a change in an driver of climate change, such as a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide or the output of the Sun. The traditional radiative forcing is computed with all tropospheric properties held fixed at their unperturbed values, and after allowing for stratospheric temperatures, if perturbed, to readjust to radiative-dynamical equilibrium. Radiative forcing is called instantaneous if no change in stratospheric temperature is accounted for. The radiative forcing once rapid adjustments are accounted for is termed the effective radiative forcing. Radiative forcing is not to be confused with cloud radiative forcing, which describes an unrelated measure of the impact of clouds on the radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Forest"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Forest</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A vegetation type dominated by trees. Many definitions of the term forest are in use throughout the world, reflecting wide differences in biogeophysical conditions, social structure and economics. [Note: For a discussion of the term forest in the context of National GHG inventories, see the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories and their 2019 Refinement, and information provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (IPCC 2006, 2019; UNFCCC, 2021a, b).]</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Forest_degradation"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Forest degradation</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A reduction in the capacity of a forest to produce ecosystem services such as carbon storage and wood products as a result of anthropogenic and environmental changes.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Forest_line"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Forest line</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The upper limit of the closed upper montane forest or forest at high latitudes. It is less elevated or less poleward than the tree line.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Fossil_fuel_emissions"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Fossil fuel emissions</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (in particular 2) carbon dioxide (CO), other trace gases and aerosols resulting from the combustion of fuels from fossil carbon deposits such as oil, gas and coal.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Fossil_fuels"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Fossil fuels</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI; WGII; WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Carbon-based fuels from fossil hydrocarbon deposits, including coal, oil and natural gas.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Free_atmosphere"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Free atmosphere</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The atmospheric layer that is negligibly affected by friction against the Earth’s surface, and which is above the atmospheric boundary layer.</div>
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<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Frozen_ground"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Frozen ground</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGI</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' Soil or rock in which part or all of the pore water consists of ice.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Fuel_poverty"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Fuel poverty</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' A condition in which a household is unable to guarantee a certain level of consumption of domestic energy services (especially heating) or suffers disproportionate expenditure burdens to meet these needs.</div>
</div>

<div class="glossary-entry">
<div id="Fugitive_emissions"></div>
=== <span class="glossary-term">Fugitive emissions</span> ===

<div class="glossary-working-groups">'''Working Groups:''' WGIII</div>

<div class="glossary-longer-term">'''Full term:''' Fugitive emissions (oil and natural gas systems)</div>

<div class="glossary-definition">'''Definition:''' The release of greenhouse gases that occur during the exploration, processing and delivery of fossil fuels to the point of final use. This excludes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel combustion for the production of useful heat or power. It encompasses venting, flaring, and leaks.</div>
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<div class="glossary-letter-section">