Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-3 (section)

==== 3.4.2.10 Impacts on pastoral communities ====

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Pastoral production systems occupy a significant portion of the world (Rass 2006 <sup>[[#fn:r825|825]]</sup> ; Dong 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r826|826]]</sup> ). Food insecurity among pastoral households is often high (Gomes 2006 <sup>[[#fn:r827|827]]</sup> ) (Section 3.1.3). The Sahelian droughts of the 1970s–1980s provided an example of how droughts could affect livestock resources and crop productivity, contributing to hunger, out-migration and suffering for millions of pastoralists (Hein and De Ridder 2006 <sup>[[#fn:r828|828]]</sup> ; Molua and Lambi 2007 <sup>[[#fn:r829|829]]</sup> ). During these Sahelian droughts low and erratic rainfall exacerbated desertification processes, leading to ecological changes that forced people to use marginal lands and ecosystems. Similarly, the rate of rangeland degradation is now increasing because of environmental changes and overexploitation of resources (Kassahun et al. 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r830|830]]</sup> ; Vetter 2005 <sup>[[#fn:r831|831]]</sup> ). Desertification coupled with climate change is negatively affecting livestock feed and grazing species (Hopkins and Del Prado 2007 <sup>[[#fn:r832|832]]</sup> ), changing the composition in favour of species with low forage quality, ultimately reducing livestock productivity (D’Odorico et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r833|833]]</sup> ; Dibari et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r834|834]]</sup> ) and increasing livestock disease prevalence (Thornton et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r849|849]]</sup> ). There is ''robust evidence'' and ''high agreement'' that weak adaptive capacity, coupled with negative effects from other climate-related factors, are predisposing pastoralists to increased poverty from desertification and climate change globally (López-i-Gelats et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r835|835]]</sup> ; Giannini et al. 2008 <sup>[[#fn:r836|836]]</sup> ; IPCC 2007 <sup>[[#fn:r837|837]]</sup> ). On the other hand, misguided policies such as enforced sedentarisation, and in certain cases protected area delineation (fencing), which restrict livestock mobility have hampered optimal use of grazing land resources (Du 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r838|838]]</sup> ). Such policies have led to degradation of resources and out-migration of people in search of better livelihoods (Gebeye 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r839|839]]</sup> ; Liao et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r840|840]]</sup> ). Restrictions on the mobile lifestyle are reducing the resilient adaptive capacity of pastoralists to natural hazards including extreme and variable weather conditions, drought and climate change (Schilling et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r841|841]]</sup> ). Furthermore, the exacerbation of the desertification phenomenon due to agricultural intensification (D’Odorico et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r842|842]]</sup> ) and land fragmentation caused by encroachment of agriculture into rangelands (Otuoma et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r843|843]]</sup> ; Behnke and Kerven 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r844|844]]</sup> ) is threatening pastoral livelihoods. For example, commercial cotton ( ''Gossypium hirsutum'' ) production is crowding out pastoral systems in Benin (Tamou et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r845|845]]</sup> ). Food shortages and the urgency to produce enough crop for public consumption are leading to the encroachment of agriculture into productive rangelands and those converted rangelands are frequently prime lands used by pastoralists to produce feed and graze their livestock during dry years (Dodd 1994 <sup>[[#fn:r846|846]]</sup> ). The sustainability of pastoral systems is therefore coming into question because of social and political marginalisation of those systems (Davies et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r847|847]]</sup> ) and also because of the fierce competition they are facing from other livelihood sources such as crop farming (Haan et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r848|848]]</sup> ).

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