Editing IPCC:AR6/SYR/Longer-Report (section)

==== 4.5.1. Energy Systems ====

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'''Rapid and deep reductions in GHG emissions require major energy system transitions (''' '''''high confidence). Adaptation options can help reduce climate-related risks to the energy system (''''' '''''very high confidence).''''' Net zero CO 2 energy systems entail: a substantial reduction in overall fossil fuel use, minimal use of unabated fossil fuels '''[[#footnote-004|153]]''' , and use of Carbon Capture and Storage in the remaining fossil fuel systems; electricity systems that emit no net CO 2 ; widespread electrification; alternative energy carriers in applications less amenable to electrification; energy conservation and efficiency; and greater integration across the energy system ''(high confidence).'' Large contributions to emissions reductions can come from options costing less than USD 20 tCO 2 -eq ''–1'' , including solar and wind energy, energy efficiency improvements, and CH 4 (methane) emissions reductions (from coal mining, oil and gas, and waste) ( ''medium confidence'' ). '''[[#footnote-003|154]]''' Many of these response options are technically viable and are supported by the public ( ''high confidence'' ). Maintaining emission-intensive systems may, in some regions and sectors, be more expensive than transitioning to low emission systems ( ''high confidence'' ). { ''WGII SPM C.2.10; WGIII SPM C.4.1, WGIII SPM C.4.2, WGIII SPM C.12.1, WGIII SPM E.1.1, WGIII TS.5.1'' }

Climate change and related extreme events will affect future energy systems, including hydropower production, bioenergy yields, thermal power plant efficiencies, and demands for heating and cooling ( ''high confidence'' ). The most feasible energy system adaptation options support infrastructure resilience, reliable power systems and efficient water use for existing and new energy generation systems ( ''very high confidence'' ). Adaptations for hydropower and thermo-electric power generation are effective in most regions up to 1.5°C to 2°C, with decreasing effectiveness at higher levels of warming ( ''medium confidence'' ). Energy generation diversification (e.g., wind, solar, small-scale hydroelectric) and demand side management (e.g., storage and energy efficiency improvements) can increase energy reliability and reduce vulnerabilities to climate change, especially in rural populations ( ''high confidence'' ). Climate responsive energy markets, updated design standards on energy assets according to current and projected climate change, smart-grid technologies, robust transmission systems and improved capacity to respond to supply deficits have high feasibility in the medium- to long-term, with mitigation co-benefits ( ''very high confidence'' ). { ''WGII SPM B.5.3, WGII SPM C.2.10; WGIII TS.5.1'' }

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