Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-14 (section)

==== 14.5.4.5 Food and Fibre Adaptation: Fisheries and Aquaculture ====

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Proactive and ecosystem-based management increases climate resilience in fisheries ( ''high confidence'' ), but effectiveness after 2050 may be limited without global carbon mitigation ( ''medium confidence'' ) ( [[#Gaichas--2017|Gaichas et al., 2017]] ; [[#Gaines--2018|Gaines et al., 2018]] ; [[#Kritzer--2019|Kritzer et al., 2019]] ; [[#Barbeaux--2020|Barbeaux et al., 2020]] ; [[#Free--2020|Free et al., 2020]] ; [[#Holsman--2020|Holsman et al., 2020]] ). Flexibility (e.g., mobility, diverse incomes or harvest portfolios) underpins climate resilience across regions, management policies and fisheries, although small-scale fisheries have less scope for adaptation ( [[#Aguilera--2015|Aguilera et al., 2015]] ; [[#Young--2019|Young et al., 2019]] ). Climate-informed and dynamic management ( [[#Hazen--2018|Hazen et al., 2018]] ) improves modelled fishery performance ( ''medium confidence'' ) ( [[#14.5.2|Section 14.5.2]] ; [[#Froehlich--2017|Froehlich et al., 2017]] ; [[#Tommasi--2017a|Tommasi et al., 2017a]] ; [[#Tommasi--2017b|Tommasi et al., 2017b]] ; [[#Karp--2019|Karp et al., 2019]] ; [[#Barbeaux--2020|Barbeaux et al., 2020]] ), yet planning and policies that directly incorporate climate-change information remain limited ( [[#Skern-Mauritzen--2015|Skern-Mauritzen et al., 2015]] ; [[#Marshall--2019b|Marshall et al., 2019b]] ). Expanding aquaculture across North America will ''likely'' address deficits in nutritional and protein yields ( [[#Gentry--2019|Gentry et al., 2019]] ; [[#Costello--2020|Costello et al., 2020]] ), yet aquaculture initiatives have largely progressed without explicitly considering climate impacts ( [[#FAO--2018|FAO, 2018]] ; [[#Froehlich--2019|Froehlich et al., 2019]] ), and critical elements for climate adaptation (e.g., climate-informed zoning, monitoring, insurance) are not widely implemented ( [[#Liñan-Cabello--2016|Liñan-Cabello et al., 2016]] ; [[#FAO--2018|FAO, 2018]] ; [[#Stewart-Sinclair--2020|Stewart-Sinclair et al., 2020]] ). Climate-informed and standardised aquaculture governance, and increased coordination with fishery and coastal management, is needed for climate resilience ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Brugère--2019|Brugère et al., 2019]] ; [[#Froehlich--2019|Froehlich et al., 2019]] ; [[#Free--2020|Free et al., 2020]] ; [[#Galparsoro--2020|Galparsoro et al., 2020]] ).

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