Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-9 (section)

==== 9.5.2.1 Passive and Active Design, Management, and Operation ====

<div id="h3-13-siblings" class="h3-siblings"></div>

Bioclimatic design and passive strategies for natural heating, cooling and lighting, can greatly reduce buildings’ climate impact, and avoid cooling in developing countries ( [[#Bienvenido-Huertas--2021|Bienvenido-Huertas et al. 2021]] , 2020; [[#Amirifard--2019|Amirifard et al. 2019]] ). Design can provide additional small savings, for example, by placing refrigerator away from the oven, radiators or windows ( [[#Christidou--2014|Christidou et al. 2014]] ). Passive management refers to adjustments in human behaviour such as adapted clothing, allocation of activities in the rooms of the building to minimise the energy use ( [[#Klein--2012|Klein et al. 2012]] ; [[#Rafsanjani--2015|Rafsanjani et al. 2015]] ) or manual operation of the building envelope ( [[#Rijal--2012|Rijal et al. 2012]] ; [[#Volochovic--2012|Volochovic et al. 2012]] ). Quantitative modelling of such measures is most common for non-residential buildings, in which adaptive behaviours are affected by the office space distribution and interior design, amount of occupants, visual comfort, outdoor view, and easy-to-use control mechanisms ( [[#O’Brien--2014|O’Brien and Gunay 2014]] ; [[#Talele--2018|Talele et al. 2018]] ). Socio-demographic factors, personal characteristics and contextual factors also influence occupant behaviour and their interactions with buildings ( [[#D’Oca--2018b|D’Oca et al. 2018b]] ; [[#Hong--2020|Hong et al. 2020]] ).

Active management refers to human control of building energy systems. Efficient lighting practices can effectively reduce summer peak demand ( [[#Dixon--2015|Dixon et al. 2015]] ; [[#Taniguchi--2016|Taniguchi et al. 2016]] ). On the contrary, the application of the daylight-saving time in the US increases up to 7% lighting consumption ( [[#Rakha--2018|Rakha et al. 2018]] ). Efficient cooking practices for cooking, appliance use (e.g., avoid stand-by regime, select eco-mode), or for hot water can save up to 25% ( [[#Peschiera--2012|Peschiera and Taylor 2012]] ; [[#Teng--2012|Teng et al. 2012]] ; [[#Abrahamse--2013|Abrahamse and Steg 2013]] ; [[#Berezan--2013|Berezan et al. 2013]] ; [[#Hsiao--2014|Hsiao et al. 2014]] ; [[#Dixon--2015|Dixon et al. 2015]] ; [[#Reichert--2016|Reichert et al. 2016]] ). High behavioural control is so far proven difficult to achieve ( [[#Ayoub--2014|Ayoub et al. 2014]] ; [[#Sköld--2018|Sköld et al. 2018]] ). Automated controls and technical measures to trigger occupant operations are addressed in [[#9.4|Section 9.4]] .

<div id="9.5.2.2" class="h3-container"></div>

<span id="limited-demands-for-services"></span>