Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-2 (section)

===== Case Study 1: Climate change impacts on pathogenic helminths in Europe =====

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Parasitic helminths can reduce growth and yield, kill livestock and infect humans and wildlife, leading to health, agricultural and economic losses ( [[#Fairweather--2011|Fairweather, 2011]] ; [[#Charlier--2016|Charlier et al., 2016]] ; [[#Charlier--2020|Charlier, 2020]] ). Attribution of increased incidence and risk of helminth disease to climate change is stronger than for other human diseases, thanks to long-term records and careful analysis of other anthropogenic drivers (e.g., LUC, agricultural/livestock intensification, and anti-helminthic intervention and resistance) ( [[#van%20Dijk--2008|van Dijk et al., 2008]] ; [[#van%20Dijk--2010|van Dijk et al., 2010]] ; [[#Fox--2011b|Fox et al., 2011b]] ; [[#Martínez-Valladares--2013|Martínez-Valladares et al., 2013]] ; [[#Charlier--2016|Charlier et al., 2016]] ; [[#Innocent--2017|Innocent et al., 2017]] ; [[#Mehmood--2017|Mehmood et al., 2017]] ).

In Europe, evidence from laboratory studies, long-term surveillance, statistical analyses and modelling shows that multiple helminth pathogens and their host snails have extended their transmission windows and increased their survival, fecundity, growth and abundances ( ''robust evidence'' , ''high agreement'' ). Furthermore, they have expanded or shifted their ranges poleward due to increases in temperature, precipitation and humidity ( ''robust evidence'' , ''high agreement'' ) ( [[#Lee--1995|Lee et al., 1995]] ; [[#Pritchard--2005|Pritchard et al., 2005]] ; [[#Poulin--2006|Poulin, 2006]] ; [[#van%20Dijk--2008|van Dijk et al., 2008]] ; [[#van%20Dijk--2010|van Dijk et al., 2010]] ; [[#Fairweather--2011|Fairweather, 2011]] ; [[#Fox--2011b|Fox et al., 2011b]] ; [[#Martínez-Valladares--2013|Martínez-Valladares et al., 2013]] ; [[#Bosco--2015|Bosco et al., 2015]] ; [[#Caminade--2015|Caminade et al., 2015]] ; [[#Caminade--2019|Caminade et al., 2019]] ). These documented changes in climate, hosts and pathogens have been linked to a higher incidence and more frequent outbreaks of disease in livestock across Europe ( ''very high confidence'' ).

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