Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/TS (section)

=== Health, well-being, migration and displacement ===

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'''TS.D.8 With proactive, timely and effective adaptation, many risks for human health and well-being could be reduced and some potentially avoided (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''')''' '''''.''''' '''Building adaptive capacity through sustainable development and encouraging safe and orderly movements of people within and between states represent key adaptation responses to prevent climate-related involuntary migration (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). Reducing poverty, inequity and food and water insecurity and strengthening institutions in particular reduce the risk of conflict and supports climate resilient peace (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''')''' '''''.''''' (Figure TS.8 HEALTH) { 2.6.4, 4.6.4, Box 4.4, 5.12.5, 5.14, Box 6.3, 7.4.1, 8.4.4, 9.10.3, 10.4.7, 11.3.6, 12.5.6, 12.5.7, Table 12.9, 13.7.2, Figure 13.25, 14.5.6, Table 14.5, CCB ILLNESS }

'''TS.D.8.1 National planning on health and climate change is advancing, but the comprehensiveness of strategies and plans need to be strengthened to reduce future risks, and implementing action on key health and climate change priorities remains challenging (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''')''' '''''.''''' The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the value of coordinated planning across sectors, safety nets and other capacities in societies to cope with a range of shocks and stresses and to alleviate system-wide risks to health ( ''high confidence'' ). A significant adaptation gap exists for human health and well-being and for responses to disaster risks ( ''very high confidence'' ) ''.'' Most Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement from low- and middle-income countries identify health as a priority concern ( ''very high confidence'' ) ''.'' Effective governance institutions, arrangements, funding and mandates are key for adaptation to climate-related health risks ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' { 4.6.4, 5.12.5, 5.14, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, Table 7.2, 9.10.3, 10.4.7.3, 11.3.6, 12.5.6, 13.7.2, CCB ILLNESS, CCB COVID }

'''TS.D.8.2 Continued investment in general health systems and in systems enhancing health protection is an effective adaptation strategy in the short to medium term (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Although some mortality and morbidity from climate change are already unavoidable, targeted adaptation and mitigation actions can reduce risks and vulnerabilities ( ''high confidence'' ). The burden of diseases could be reduced and resilience increased through health systems, generating awareness of climate change impacts on health ( ''medium confidence'' ), strengthening access to water and sanitation ( ''high confidence'' ), integrating vector control management approaches ( ''very high confidence'' ), expanding existing early-warning monitoring systems ( ''high confidence'' ), increasing vaccine development and coverage ( ''medium confidence'' ), improving the heat resistance of the built environment ( ''medium confidence'' ) and building financial safety nets ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 2.6.4, 4.6.4, 5.12.5, 5.14, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, Table 7.2, 9.10.3, 10.4.7, 11.3.6, 12.5.6, Table 12.9, 13.7.2, Figure 13.25, 14.5.6, Table 14.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.6 CCP6.2.6] , CCB FEASIB, CCB ILLNESS }

'''TS.D.8.3 Many adaptation measures that benefit health and well-being are found in other sectors (e.g., food, livelihoods, social protection, water and sanitation, infrastructure) (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Such cross-sectoral solutions include improved air quality through renewable energy sources ( ''very high confidence'' ), active transport (e.g., walking and cycling) ( ''high confidence'' ) and sustainable food systems that lead to healthier diets ( ''high confidence'' ). Heat Action Plans have strong potential to prevent mortality from extreme heat events and elevated temperature ( ''high confidence'' ). Nature-based solutions reduce a variety of risks to both physical and mental health and well-being ( ''high confidence'' ). For example, integrated agroecological food systems offer opportunities to improve dietary diversity while building climate-related local resilience to food insecurity ( ''high confidence'' ), especially when combined with gender equity and social justice. Social policy–based adaptation, including education and the adaptation of health systems, offers considerable future scope. The greatest gaps between policy and action are in failures to manage adaptation of social infrastructure (e.g., community facilities, services and networks) and failure to address complex interconnected risks for example in the food–energy–water–health nexus or the inter-relationships of air quality and climate risk ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 2.6.7, 4.6.4, 4.7.1, 5.12.5, 5.14.1, 6.3.1, 6.4.3, 6.4.5, 6.4.5, 6.4.5, 7.4.2, 9.10.3, 10.4.7, 11.3.6, 12.5.6, Table 12.9, 13.7.2, Figure 13.25, 14.5.6, Table 14.5, CCB GENDER, CCB HEALTH, CCB NATURAL }

'''TS.D.8.4 Despite acknowledgement of the importance of health adaptation as a key component, action has been slow since AR5 (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Building climate resilient health systems will require multi-sectoral, multi-system and collaborative efforts at all governance scales ( ''very high confidence'' ). Globally, health systems are poorly resourced in general, and their capacity to respond to climate change is weak, with mental health support being particularly inadequate ( ''very high confidence'' ). The health sectors in some countries have focused on implementing incremental changes to policies and measures to respond to impacts ( ''very high confidence'' ). As the likelihood of dangerous risks to human health continues to increase, there is a greater need for transformational changes to health and other systems ( ''very high confidence'' ). This highlights an urgent and immediate need to address the wider interactions between environmental change, socioeconomic development and human health and well-being ( ''high confidence'' ). { 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 9.10.3, Box 9.7, 11.3.6.3, 13.7.2, 14.5.6, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.2.6 CCP6.2.6] , Figure [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] }

'''TS.D.8.5 Financial constraints are the most referenced barrier to health adaptation, and therefore scaling up financial investments remains a key international priority (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''').''' Financial support for health adaptation is currently less than 0.5% of overall dispersed multilateral climate finance projects ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' This level of investment is insufficient to protect human health and health systems from most climate-sensitive health risks ( ''very high confidence'' ) ''.'' Adaptation financing often does not reach places where the climate sensitivity of the health sector is greatest ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' { 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 9.10.3 }

'''TS.D.8.6 Reducing future risks of involuntary migration and displacement due to climate change is possible by improving outcomes of existing migration patterns, addressing vulnerabilities that pose barriers to''' '''''in situ''''' '''adaptation and livelihood strategies and meeting existing migration agreements and development objectives (''' '''''medium confidence''''' ''').''' Properly supported and where levels of agency and assets are high, migration as an adaptation to climate change can reduce exposure and socioeconomic vulnerability ( ''medium confidence'' ). However, migration becomes a risk when climate hazards cause an individual, household or community to move involuntarily or with low agency ( ''high confidence'' ). Inability to migrate (i.e., involuntary immobility) in the face of climate hazards is also a potential risk to exposed populations ( ''medium confidenc'' e). Broad-based institutional and cross-sectoral efforts to build adaptive capacity, including meeting the SDGs, reduce future risks of climate-related involuntary displacement and immobility ( ''medium confidence'' ), while policies such as the Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration ( ''medium confidence'' ) that are aimed at ensuring safe and orderly movements of people within and between states are potential components of climate resilient development pathways that can improve migration as an adaptation. { 4.6.8, 7.4.4, 9.3.1, 12.5.8, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.2 CCP5.4.2] , CCB FEASIB, CCB MIGRATE }

'''TS.D.8.7 Improving the feasibility of planned relocation and resettlement is a high priority for managing climate risks (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Residents of small island states do not view relocation as an appropriate or desirable means of adapting to the impacts of climate change ( ''high confidence'' ). Previous disaster- and development-related relocation has been expensive and contentious, posed multiple challenges for governments and amplified existing ones and generated new vulnerabilities for the people involved ( ''high confidence'' ). In locations where permanent, government-assisted relocation becomes unavoidable, active involvement of local populations in planning and decision-making may lead to more successful outcomes ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 4.6.8, 7.4.4, 9.3.1, 12.5.8, 15.5.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.2 CCP5.4.2] , CCB FEASIB, CCB MIGRATE }

'''TS.D.8.8 Meeting SDGs supports adaptive capacity that in tu''' '''rn''' '''su''' '''pports individuals, households and community manage''' '''climate''' '''risks and supports peace (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' By addressing vulnerability, improving livelihoods and strengthening institutions, meeting the SDGs reduces the risks of armed conflict and violence ( ''medium confidence'' ). Formal institutional arrangements for natural resource management and environmental peacebuilding, conflict-sensitive adaptation and climate-sensitive peacebuilding and gender-sensitive approaches offer potential new avenues to build peace in conflict -prone regions vulnerable to climate change ( ''medium confidence'' ). However, there is currently insufficient evidence on their success and further monitoring and evaluation is required. (Figure TS.11b) { 4.8, 7.4.6, Box 9.9, 16.3.2, CCB GENDER }

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