Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-4 (section)

==== 4.3.4.4 Electrification and hydrogen ====

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Electrification of manufacturing processes would constitute a significant technological challenge and would entail a more disruptive innovation in industry than bio-based or CCS options to get to very low or zero emissions, except potentially in steel-making (Philibert, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r437|437]]</sup> . The disruptive characteristics could potentially lead to stranded assets, and could reduce political feasibility and industry support (Åhman et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r438|438]]</sup> . Electrification of manufacturing would require further technological development in industry, as well as an ample supply of cost-effective low-emission electricity (Philibert, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r439|439]]</sup> .

Low-emission hydrogen can be produced by natural gas with CCS, by electrolysis of water powered by zero-emission electricity, or potentially in the future by generation IV nuclear reactors. Feasibility of electrification and use of hydrogen in production processes or fuel cells is affected by technical development (in terms of efficient hydrogen production and electrification of processes), by geophysical factors related to the availability of low-emission electricity (MacKay, 2013) <sup>[[#fn:r440|440]]</sup> , by associated public perception and by economic feasibility, except in areas with ample solar and/or wind resources (Philibert, 2017; Wesseling et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r441|441]]</sup> .

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