Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-11 (section)

===== 11.3.4.2.3 Adaptation =====

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Adaptations in both grazing and confined beef cattle systems require enhanced decision-making skills capable of integrating biophysical, social and economic considerations ( ''high confidence'' ). Social learning networks that support integration of lessons learned from early adopters and involvement with science-based organisations can help enhance decision-making and climate adaptation planning ( [[#Derner--2018|Derner et al., 2018]] ). Pasture management adaptations for livestock production include deeper rooted pasture species in higher rainfall regions ( [[#Cullen--2014|Cullen et al., 2014]] ) and drought-tolerant species ( [[#Mathew--2018|Mathew et al., 2018]] ). Soil and land management practices are important in ensuring soils maintain their supporting and regulating services ( [[#Orwin--2015|Orwin et al., 2015]] ). Adaptations in the primary sector in New Zealand are now positioned within the requirements of the National Policy Statement on Freshwater ( [[#MfE--2020b|MfE, 2020b]] ). Adaptations to manage heat stress in livestock include altering the breeding calendar, providing shade and sprinklers, altering nutrition and feeding times and more heat-tolerant animal breeds ( [[#Chang-Fung-Martel--2017|Chang-Fung-Martel et al., 2017]] ; [[#Lees--2019|Lees et al., 2019]] ; [[#van%20Wettere--2021|van Wettere et al., 2021]] ).

Beef rangeland systems in Queensland are projected to have benefits in the southeast through higher CO 2 and temperatures extending the growing season and reducing frost, but a warmer and drier climate in the southwest may reduce pasture and livestock production ( [[#Cobon--2020|Cobon et al., 2020]] ). Northern Queensland is most resilient to temperature and rainfall changes (production limited by soil fertility) while western/central west Queensland is most sensitive to rainfall changes, that is, low rainfall is associated with lower productivity ( [[#Cobon--2020|Cobon et al., 2020]] ). The social context of climate change impacts and the processes shaping vulnerability and adaptation, especially at the scale of the individual, are critical to successful adaptation efforts ( [[#Marshall--2014|Marshall and Stokes, 2014]] ).

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