Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-13 (section)

=== 13.4.3 Knowledge Gaps ===

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Major knowledge gaps are uncertainties and shortcomings in our understanding of combined, cascading and interacting impacts of climatic and non-climatic pressures on European marine and coastal socio-ecological systems ( [[#Korpinen--2021|Korpinen et al., 2021]] ). Further observational, experimental and modelling work will enhance the insight into multiple drivers, processes and their interactions, strengthen the confidence of risk projections and provide a foundation for future adaptation actions.

There is limited knowledge about the connectivity among populations, species and ecosystems which would provide new recruits, enable gene flow in MPA networks ( [[#Dubois--2016|Dubois et al., 2016]] ; [[#Sahyoun--2016|Sahyoun et al., 2016]] ) and facilitate assisted migration. Such MPAs cover a wide range of protection status with ''limited evidence'' regarding which level of protection and connectivity is needed to achieve adaptations goals in response to future warming.

Although European seas and coasts are comparatively well studied on a global scale, the spatial and temporal resolution and coverage of open-access data is still limited in many regions, particularly in EEU. The detection and attribution of ongoing or emerging environmental and biological changes are therefore limited. Some efforts are in place, such as the six ‘Sea-basin Checkpoints’ (North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Arctic, Atlantic, Baltic, Black Sea) that were established in 2013 under The European Marine Observation and Data Network, but high-quality observations of key ocean characteristics at the level of regional sea basins are still too scarce to support decision making for marine adaptation ( [[#Míguez--2019|Míguez et al., 2019]] ).

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