Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-6 (section)

==== 6.3.4.2 Integrated response options based on value chain management ====

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In this section, the impacts on land degradation of integrated response options based on value chain management are assessed.

''Integrated response options based on value chain management through demand management''

Dietary change and waste reduction both result in decreased cropland and pasture extent (Bajželj et al. 2014a <sup>[[#fn:r582|582]]</sup> ; Stehfest et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r583|583]]</sup> ; Tilman and Clark 2014) <sup>[[#fn:r584|584]]</sup> , reducing the pressure for land degradation (Table 6.15). Reduced post-harvest losses could spare 1.98 Mkm2 of cropland globally (Kummu et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r585|585]]</sup> ) meaning that land degradation pressure could be relieved from this land area through reduction of post-harvest losses. The effects of material substitution on land degradation depend on management practice; some forms of logging can lead to increased land degradation (Chapter 4).

Table 6.42 summarises the impact on land degradation of demand management options, with confidence estimates based on the thresholds outlined in Table 6.53 in Section 6.3.6, and indicative (not exhaustive) references upon which the evidence in based.

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'''Table 6.42'''

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'''Effects on land degradation of response options based on demand management.'''
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Integrated response options based on value chain management through supply management

There are no global estimates of the impact on land degradation of enhanced urban food systems, improved food processing, retailing, or improved energy use in food systems.

There is evidence that sustainable sourcing could reduce land degradation, as the explicit goal of sustainable certification programmes is often to reduce deforestation or other unsustainable land uses. Over 4 Mkm2 of forests are certified for sustainable harvesting (PEFC and FSC 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r586|586]]</sup> ), although it is not clear if all these lands would be at risk of degradation without certification. While the food price instability of 2007/2008 increased financial investment in crop expansion (especially through so-called land grabbing), and thus better management of supply chains might have reduced this amount, no quantification of the total amount of land acquired, nor the possible impact of this crop expansion on degradation, has been recorded (McMichael and Schneider 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r587|587]]</sup> ; McMichael 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r588|588]]</sup> ).

Table 6.43 summarises the impact on land degradation of supply management options, with confidence estimates based on the thresholds outlined in Table 6.53 in Section 6.3.6, and indicative (not exhaustive) references upon which the evidence in based.

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'''Table 6.43'''

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'''Effects on land degradation of response options based on supply management.'''
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