Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/TS (section)

=== Enabling implementation ===

<div id="h3-30-siblings" class="h2-siblings"></div>

'''TS.D.10. Various tools, measures and processes are available that can enable, accelerate and sustain adaptation implementation (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), in particular when anticipating climate change impacts, and empower inclusive decision-making and action when they are supported by adaptation finance and leadership across all sectors and groups in society (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). The actions and decisions taken today determine future impacts and play a critical role in expanding the solution space for future adaptation. Breaking adaptation down into manageable steps over time, while acknowledging potential long-term adaptation needs and options, can increase the prospect that effective adaptation plans will be actioned in timely and effective ways by stakeholders, sectors and institutions (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' { 2.6.7, 3.6.3, 3.6.5, 4.8, 11.7.3, 13.10, 15.3.4, 15.6, 17.5, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP2.2 CCP2.2.4] , , CCB DEEP, CCB NATURAL, CCB SLR }

'''TS.D.10.1 Institutional frameworks, policies and plans that set out adaptation goals, define responsibilities and commitment devices, coordinate among actors and build adaptive capacity will facilitate sustained adaptation actions (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''')''' . Adaptation is considered in the climate policies of at least 170 countries. Opportunities exist to integrate adaptation into institutionalised decision cycles (e.g., budget reforms, statutory monitoring and evaluation, election cycles) and during windows of opportunity (e.g., recovery after disastrous events, designing new or replacing existing critical infrastructure or developing COVID recovery projects) ( ''high confidence'' ). Appraisal of adaptation options for policy and implementation that considers the risks of adverse effects can help prevent maladaptive adaptation and take advantage of possible co-benefits ( ''medium confidence'' ). Instruments such as behavioural nudges, re-directing subsidies and taxes and the regulation of marketing and insurance schemes have proven useful to strengthening societal responses beyond governmental actors ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 1.4.4, 3.6.3, 3.6.5, 4.8.5, 4.8.6, 5.12.6, 5.13.3, 5.13.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 9.4.2, 9.11.5, 10.3.6, 10.5.3, 11.4, 11.7, Table 11.14, Table 11.16, 13.5.2, 13.10, 13.11, 14.7.2, 17.3.1, 17.3.2, 17.3.3, 17.4, 17.5.1, 17.6, 18.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP2.4 CCP2.4] , CCP 2.4.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.2 CCP5.4.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.4 CCP6.4] , CCB DEEP, CCB INDIG }

'''TS.D.10.2 Access to and mobilising adequate financial resources for vulnerable regions is an important catalysing factor for timely climate resilient development and climate risk management (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Total tracked climate finance has increased from USD364 billion yr -1 in 2010/2011 to USD579 billion in 2017/2018, with only 4–8% of this allocated to adaptation and more than 90% of adaptation finance coming from public sources. Developed-country climate finance leveraged for developing countries for mitigation and adaptation has shown an upward trend, but it has fallen short of the USD100 billion yr -1 2020 target of the Copenhagen commitment, and less than 20% has been for adaptation. Estimated global and regional costs of adaptation vary widely due to differences in assumptions, methods and data; the majority of more recent estimates are higher than the figures presented in AR5. Median (and ranges) estimated costs for developing country adaptation from recent studies are USD127 (15–411) and USD295 (47–1088) billion yr -1 for 2030 and 2050 respectively. Examples of estimated regional adaptation include USD50 billion yr -1 in Africa for 1.5°C of warming in 2050, increasing to USD100–350 billion yr -1 for 4°C of global warming towards the end of the century. Increasing public and private finance flows by billions of dollars per year, increasing direct access to multilateral funds, strengthening project pipeline development and shifting finance from readiness activities to project implementation can enhance implementation of climate change adaptation and are fundamental to achieving climate justice for highly vulnerable countries, including small island states and African countries. { 3.6.3, 4.8.2, 5.14.2, 9.1.1, 9.4.1, 13.9.4, 15.6, 15.6.1, 15.6.3, 15.7, 17.4.3, CCB FINANCE }

'''TS.D.10.3 Decision-support tools and decision-analytic methods are available''' '''and being applied for climate adaptation and climate''' '''risk management in different contexts (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Integrated adaptation frameworks and decision-support tools that anticipate multi-dimensional risks and accommodate community values are more effective than those with a narrow focus on single risks ( ''medium confidence'' ). Approaches that integrate the adaptation needs of multiple sectors such as disaster management, account for different risk perceptions and integrate multiple knowledge systems are better suited to addressing key risks ( ''medium confidence'' ). Reliable climate services, monitoring and early warning systems are the most commonly used strategies for managing the key risks, complementing long-term investments in risk reduction ( ''high confidence'' ). While these strategies are applicable to society as a whole, they need to be tailored to specific contexts in order to be adopted effectively. { 2.6.7, 3.6.3, 3.6.5, 4.5.5, 5.14.1, 7.2.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 9.5.1, 9.4.3, 9.10.3, 9.11.4, Box 9.2, Box 9.7, 15.5.7, 1 7.1.2, 17.2, 17.3.2, 17.4.4, 17.6, 18.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.1 CCP5.4.1] , CCP5.6, CCB D EEP }

'''TS.D.10.4 Effective management of climate risks is dependent on systematically integrating adaptations across interacting climate risks and across sectors (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''').''' Integrated pathways for managing climate risks will be most suitable when so-called ‘low-regret’ anticipatory options are established jointly across sectors in a timely manner and are feasible and effective in their local context, when path dependencies are avoided so as not to limit future options for climate resilient development and when maladaptations across sectors are avoided ( ''high confidence'' ). Integration of risks across sectors can be assisted by mainstreaming climate considerations across institutions and decision-making processes ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' Many forms of climate adaptation are ''likely'' to be more effective, efficient and equitable when organised collectively and with multiple objectives. Using different assessment, modelling, monitoring and evaluation approaches can facilitate understanding of the societal implications of trade-offs. { 1.4.2, 2.6, 4.5.1, 4.5.2. 11.3.11, 11.5.1, 11.5.2, 11.7, 11.7.2, 11.7.3, 13.5.2, 13.10, 13.11.2, 13.11.3, 15.7; 17.3.1, 17.6 ''',''' CCP2.3.6, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.2 CCP5.4.2] , CCB DEEP }

'''TS.D.10.5 Forward-looking adaptive planning and iterative risk management can avoid path dependencies and maladaptation and ensure timely action (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Approaches that break down adaptation into manageable steps over time and use pathway analyses to determine low-regret actions for the near-term and long-term options are a useful starting point for adaptation ( ''medium confidence'' ). Decision frameworks that consider multiple objectives, scenarios, time frames and strategies can avoid privileging some views over others and help multiple actors to identify resilient and equitable solutions to complex, deeply uncertain challenges and explicitly deal with trade-offs. Considering socioeconomic developments and climatic changes beyond 2100 is particularly relevant for long-lived investment decisions such as new harbours, airports, urban expansions and flood defences to avoid lock-ins ( ''medium confidence'' ). Monitoring climate change, socioeconomic developments and progress on implementation is critical for learning about adaptation success and maladaptation and to assess whether, when and what further actions are needed for informing iterative risk management ( ''high confidence'' ). { 1.5.2, 11.7, 13.2.2, 13.11.1, 17.5.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP2.3.6 CCP2.3.6] , CCB DEEP }

'''TS.D.10.6 Enhancing climate change literacy on impacts and possible solutions is necessary to ensure widespread, sustained implementation of adaptation by state and non-state actors (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Ways to enhance climate literacy and foster behavioural change include access to education and information, programmes involving the performing and visual arts, storytelling, training workshops, participatory three-dimensional modelling, climate services and community-based monitoring. The use of Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge represents and codifies actual experiences and autonomous adaptations and facilitates awareness, clarifies risk perception and enhances the understanding and adoption of solutions. Narratives can effectively communicate climate information and link this to societal goals and the actions needed to achieve them ( ''high confidence'' ). { 1.2.2, 1.3.2, 1.3.3, 1.5.2, 5.4.4, 5.5.4, 5.8.4, 5.13.2, 5.14.1, 5.14.2, 9.4.5, 14.3, 15.6.4, 15.6.5 }

'''TS.D.10.7 Political commitment and follow-through across all levels of government are important to accelerate the implementation of adequate and timely adaptation actions (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''')''' . Implementing actions often requires large upfront investments of human and financial resources and political capital by public, private and societal actors, while the benefits of these actions may only become visible in the mid to long term ( ''medium confidence'' ). Examples that can accelerate adaptation action include accountability and transparency mechanisms, monitoring and evaluation of adaptation progress, social movements, climate litigation, building the economic case for adaptation and increased adaptation finance ( ''medium evidence, high agreement'' ). { 3.6.3, 3.6.5, 4.8.5, 4.8.6, 4.8.7, 6.3, 6.4, 7.4.3, 9.4.2, 9.4.4, 11.7, 11.7.3, 11.8.1, 12.5, 12.5.6, 13.11, 14.6, 15.6, 15.6.3, 17.4.2, 17.5.2, 17.6, 18.4, CCB COVID }

<div id="System" class="h2-container"></div>

<span id="system-transitions-and-transformational-adaptation"></span>