Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.3.2.1 Autonomous, incremental, and transformational adaptation ====

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Framing of adaptation in this section categorises and assesses adaptation measures as autonomous, incremental, and transformational (Glossary and Table 5.3). Adaptation responses can be reactive or anticipatory.

'''Autonomous''' . Autonomous adaptation in food systems does not constitute a conscious response to climatic stimuli but is triggered by changes in agroecosystems, markets, or welfare changes. It is also referred to as spontaneous adaptation (IPCC 2007 <sup>[[#fn:r481|481]]</sup> ). Examples of autonomous adaptation of rural populations have been documented in the Sahel (IRD 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r482|482]]</sup> ). In India, farmers are changing sowing and harvesting timing, cultivating short duration varieties, inter-cropping, changing cropping patterns, investing in irrigation, and establishing agroforestry. These are considered as passive responses or autonomous adaptation, because they do not acknowledge that these steps are taken in response to perceived climatic changes (Tripathi and Mishra 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r483|483]]</sup> ).

'''Incremental''' . Incremental adaptation maintains the essence and integrity of a system or process at a given scale (Park et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r484|484]]</sup> ). Incremental adaptation focuses on improvements to existing resources and management practices (IPCC 2014a <sup>[[#fn:r485|485]]</sup> ).

'''Transformational''' . Transformational adaptation changes the fundamental attributes of a socio-ecological system either in anticipation of, or in response to, climate change and its impacts (IPCC 2014a <sup>[[#fn:r486|486]]</sup> ). Transformational adaptation seeks alternative livelihoods and land-use strategies needed to develop new farming systems (Termeer et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r487|487]]</sup> ). For example, limitations in incremental adaptation among smallholder rice farmers in Northwest Costa Rica led to a shift from rice to sugarcane production due to decreasing market access and water scarcity (Warner et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r488|488]]</sup> ). Migration from the Oldman River Basin has been described as a transformational adaption to climate change in the Canadian agriculture sector (Hadarits et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r489|489]]</sup> ). If high-end scenarios of climate change eventuate, the food security of farmers and consumers will depend on how transformational change in food systems is managed. An integrated framework of adaptive transition – management of socio-technical transitions and adaptation to socio-ecological changes – may help build transformational adaptive capacity (Mockshell and Kamanda 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r490|490]]</sup> and Pant et al. 2015). Rippke et al. (2016) <sup>[[#fn:r491|491]]</sup> has suggested overlapping phases of adaptation needed to support transformational change in Africa.

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'''Table 5.3'''

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 '''Synthesis of food security related adaptation options to address climate risks'''

(IPCC 2014b <sup>[[#fn:r492|492]]</sup> ; Vermeulen et al. 2013, 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1432|1432]]</sup> ; Burnham and Ma 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1433|1433]]</sup> ; Bhatta and Aggarwal 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r1434|1434]]</sup> ).
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