Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

==== 7.4.3.4 Flood-related risk minimising instruments ====

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Flood risk management consists of command and control measures, including spatial planning and engineered flood defences (Filatova 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r523|523]]</sup> ), financial incentive instruments issued by regional or national governments to facilitate cooperative approaches through local planning, enhancing community understanding and political support for safe development patterns and building standards, and regulations requiring local government participation and support for local flood planning (Burby and May 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r524|524]]</sup> ). However, Filatova (2014) found that if autonomous adaptation is downplayed, people are more likely to make land-use choices that collectively lead to increased flood risks and leave costs to governments. Taxes and subsidies that do not encourage (and even counter) perverse behaviour (such as rebuilding in flood zones) are important instruments mitigating this cost to government. Flood insurance has been found to be maladaptive as it encourages rebuilding in flood zones (O’Hare et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r525|525]]</sup> ) and government flood disaster assistance negatively impacts on average insurance coverage the following year (Kousky et al. 2018a <sup>[[#fn:r526|526]]</sup> ). Modifications to flood insurance can counter perverse behaviour. One example is the provision of discounts on flood insurance for localities that undertake one of 18 flood mitigation activities, including structural mitigation (constructing dykes, dams, flood control reservoirs), and non-structural initiatives such as point source control and watershed management efforts, education and maintenance of flood-related databases (Zahran et al. 2010 <sup>[[#fn:r527|527]]</sup> ). Flood insurance that provides incentives for flood mitigation, marketable permits and transferable development rights (see Case study: Flood and food security in Section 7.6) instruments can provide price signals to stimulate autonomous adaptation, countering barriers of path dependency, and the time lag between private investment decisions and consequences (Filatova 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r528|528]]</sup> ). To build adaptive capacity, consideration needs to be made of policy instruments responding to flood, including flood zone mapping, land-use planning, flood zone building restrictions, business and crop insurance, disaster assistance payments, preventative instruments, (including environmental farm planning, e.g., soil and water management (see Chapter 6)), farm infrastructure projects, and recovery from debilitating flood losses ultimately through bankruptcy (Hurlbert 2018a <sup>[[#fn:r529|529]]</sup> ). Non-structural measures have been found to advance sustainable development as they are more reversible, commonly acceptable and environmentally friendly (Kundzewicz 2002 <sup>[[#fn:r530|530]]</sup> ).

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