Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/TS (section)

=== System transitions and transformational adaptation ===

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'''TS.D.11 Deep-rooted transformational adaptation opens new options for adapting to the impacts and risks of climate change (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''') by changing the fundamental attributes of a system, including altered goals or values and addressing the root causes of vulnerability. AR6 focuses on five system transitions to a just and climate resilient future: societal, energy, land and ocean ecosystems, urban and infrastructure, and industrial. These transitions call for transformations in existing social and social-technological and environmental systems that include shifts in most aspects of society. Managing transition risk is a critical element of transforming society, increasingly acknowledging the importance of transparent, informed and inclusive decision-making and evaluation, including a role for Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge''' . (Figure TS.11a, b) { 1.2.1, 1.4.4, 1.5.1, 3.6.4, 4.7.1, 6.1.1, 6.4, Box 6.6, 11.4, 14.7.2, 18.3, Figure 18.3, CCB FEASIB }

'''TS.D.11.1 A sub-set of adaptation options has been implemented that cuts across sectors to enable sector-specific adaptation responses.''' These options, such as disaster risk management, climate services and risk sharing, increase the feasibility and effectiveness of other options by expanding the solution space available ( ''high confidence'' ). For example, carefully designed and implemented disaster risk management and climate services can increase the feasibility and effectiveness of adaptation responses to improve agricultural practices, income diversification, urban and critical services and infrastructure planning ( ''very high confidence'' ). Risk insurance can be a feasible tool to adapt to transfer climate risks and support sustainable development ( ''high confidence'' ). They can reduce both vulnerability and exposure, support post-disaster recovery and reduce financial burden on governments, households and business. { 3.6.3, 3.6.5, 4.6, 4.7.1, 5.4.4, 5.6.3, 5.5.4, 5.8.4, 5.9.4, 5.12.4, 5.14.1, 5.14.2, 13.11.2 , 14.7.2, 15.5.7, CCB FEASIB, CCB GENDER, CCB MOVING PLATE }

'''TS.D.11.2 Transformations for energy include the options of efficient water use and water management, infrastructure resilience and reliable power systems, including the use of intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, with the use of storage (''' '''''very''''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' These options are not sufficient for the far-reaching transformations required in the energy sector, which tend to focus on technological transitions from a fossil-based to a renewable energy regime. A resilient power infrastructure is considered for energy generation, transmission and distribution systems. Distributed generation utilities, such as microgrids, are increasingly being considered, with growing evidence of their role in reducing vulnerability, especially within underserved populations ( ''high confidence'' ). Infrastructure resilience and reliable power are particularly important in reducing risk in peri-urban and rural areas when they are supported by distributed generation of renewable energy by isolated systems ( ''high confidence'' ). The option for a resilient power infrastructure is considered for all types of power generation sources and transmission and distribution systems. Efficient water use and water management especially in hydropower and combined cycle power plants in drought-prone areas have a high feasibility ( ''high confidence'' ) with multiple co-benefits ( ''medium confidence'' ). Water-related adaptation in the energy sector is highly effective up to 1.5°C but declines with increasing warming ( ''medium confidence'' ) ''.'' { 4.6.2, 4.7.1, 4.7.2, 4.7.3, Figure 4.28, Figure 4.29, 13.6.2, 15.7, 18.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.2 CCP5.4.2] , CCB FEASIB }

'''TS.D.11.3 Adaptation options that are feasible and effective to the 3.4 billion people living in rural areas around the world and who are especially vulnerable to climate change, include the provision of basic services, livelihood diversification and strengthening of food systems (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''). The''' vulnerability of rural areas to climate risks increases due to the long distances to urban centres and the lack of or deficient critical infrastructure such as roads, electricity and water. Providing critical infrastructure, including through distributed generation power systems through renewable energy, has provided many co-benefits ( ''high confidence'' ). Biodiversity management strategies have social co-benefits, including improved community health, recreational activities and ecotourism, which are co-produced by harnessing ecological and social capital to promote resilient ecosystems with high connectivity and functional diversity. Strengthening local and regional food systems through strategies such as collective trademarks, participatory guarantee systems and city–rural links build rural livelihoods, resilience and self-reliance ( ''medium confidence'' ) ''.'' Livelihood diversification is a key coping and adaptive strategy to climatic and non-climatic risks. There is ''high evidence'' ( ''medium agreement'' ) that diversifying livelihoods improves incomes and reduces socioeconomic vulnerability, but feasibility changes depending on livelihood type, opportunities and local context ''.'' Key barriers to livelihood diversification include sociocultural and institutional barriers as well as inadequate resources and livelihood opportunities that hinder the full adaptive possibilities of existing livelihood diversification practices ( ''high confidence'' ). (Figure TS.11b) { 4.6.2, 4.7.1, 5, 8, 14.5.9, CCB FEASIB }

'''TS.D.11.4 Adaptation can require system-wide transformation of ways of knowing, acting and lesson-drawing to rebalance the relation between human and nature (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge, ecosystem-based adaptation and community-based adaptation are often found together in effective adaptation strategies and actions and together can generate transformative sustainable changes, but they need the resources, legal basis and an inclusive decision process to be most effective ( ''medium confidence'' ). Governance measures that transparently accommodate science and Indigenous knowledge can act as enablers of such co-production. { 1.3.3, 2.6.5, 2.6.7, 5.14.1, 5.14.2, 6.4.7, 9.12, Box 9.1, 11.3.3, 11.4.1, 11.4.2, 11.5.1, 11.6, Box 11.3, Box 11.7, 12.5.8, 14.4, Box 14.7, 15.5.4, 15.5.5, 17.2.2, 17.3.1, 17.4.4, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.3.2 CCP6.3.2] , CCP 6.6, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.4.3 CCP6.4.3] }

'''TS.D.11.5 Factors motivating transformative adaptation actions include risk perception, perceived efficacy, sociocultural norms and beliefs, previous experiences of impacts, levels of education and awareness (''' '''''medium confidence''''' ''').''' Risk responsibilities across the globe are unclear and unevenly defined ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' In the face of climate change, assigning risk responsibilities facilitates upgrading and supporting adaptation efforts (risk governance). There are at least two contrasting approaches for pursuing deliberate transformation: one seeking rapid, system-wide change and the other a collection of incremental actions that together catalyse desired system changes ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 1.5.2, 6.4.7, 17.2.1, 17.2.2, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.2 CCP5.4.2] }

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