Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-12 (section)

===== Current adaptation responses: =====

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'''Ecosystem-based adaptation is the most common adaptation strategy for terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' There is a focus on the protection of native terrestrial vegetation through the implementation of protected areas and payment for ecosystem services (PES), especially those related to water provision ''.'' The adaptation measures in place, however, are insufficient to safeguard terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in the CSA from the negative impacts of climate change ( ''high confidence'' ). {12.5.1, 12.5.3, 12.6}

'''Adaptation initiatives in ocean and coastal ecosystems mainly focus on conservation, protection and restoration)''' '''(''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' The main adaptation measures are ocean zoning, the prohibition of productive activities (e.g., fisheries, aquaculture, mining and tourism) on marine ecosystems, the improvement of research and education programmes and the creation of specific national policies ( ''high confidence'' ). {12.5.2}

'''Adaptive water management has mainly centred on enhancing the quantity and quality of water supply, including large infrastructure projects, which, however, are often contested and can exacerbate water-related conflicts (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Inclusive water regimes that overcome social inequalities and approaches including nature-based solutions, such as wetland restoration and water storage and infiltration infrastructure, with synergies for ecosystem conservation and disaster risk reduction, have been found to be more successful for adaptation and sustainable development ( ''high confidence'' ). {12.5.3, 12.6.1, 12.6.3}

'''Adaptation strategies for agricultural production are increasing in the region as a response to current and projected changes in climate (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' The main observed adaptation strategies in agriculture and forestry are soil and water management conservation, crop diversification, climate-smart agriculture, early-warning systems (EWSs), upward shifting for plantations to avoid warming habitat and pests and improved management of pastures and livestock. Adaptation requires governance improvements and new strategies to address the changing climate; nevertheless, barriers limiting adaptive capacity persist such as lack of educational programmes for farmers, adequate knowledge of site-specific adaptation and institutional and financial constraints ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' {12.5.4}

'''Urban adaptation in the region includes solutions on regulation, planning, urban water management and housing (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Regulation, planning and control systems are central tools for reducing risk associated with the security of buildings and their location and the proper supply of basic urban services and transport ( ''high confidence'' ) ''.'' The adoption of nature-based solutions (e.g., urban agriculture and river restoration) and hybrid (grey-green) infrastructure is still in the early stages, with weak connections to poverty and inequality reduction strategies ( ''medium confidence'' ). Focusing on risk reduction encompasses upgrading informal and precarious settlements, built environments and housing conditions, which offer an important but still limited contribution to urban adaptation ( ''high confidence'' ). {12.5.5, 12.5.7, 12.6.1}

'''Adaptation initiatives for the health sector are mainly focused on the development of climate services such as integrated climate-health surveillance and observatories, forecasting climate-related disasters and vulnerability maps (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Climate services for the health sector are largely focused on epidemic forecast tools and associated EWSs for vector-borne diseases and heat and cold waves. Political, institutional and financial barriers reduce the feasibility of implementing these tools ( ''high confidence'' ). {12.5.6, Table 12.9, Table 12.11}

'''Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge (IKLK) are crucial for the adaptation and resilience of social-ecological systems (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' IKLK can contribute to reducing the vulnerability of local communities to climate change ( ''medium confidence'' ). {12.5.1, 12.5.8, 12.6.2}

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