Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-14 (section)

===== Future Risks and Adaptation =====

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'''Climate hazards are projected to intensify further across North America (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''').''' Heatwaves over land and in the ocean, as well as wildfire activity, will intensify; subarctic snowpack, glacial mass and sea ice will decline ( ''virtually certain'' ); and sea level rise will increase at geographically differential rates ( ''virtually certain'' ). Humidity-enhanced heat stress, aridification and extreme precipitation events that lead to severe flooding, erosion, debris flows and ultimately loss of ecosystem function, life and property are projected to intensify ( ''high confidence'' ). {14.2}

'''Health risks are projected to increase this century under all future emissions scenarios (''' '''''very high confidence''''' '''), but the magnitude and severity of impacts depends on the implementation and effectiveness of adaptation strategies (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''').''' Warming is projected to increase heat-related mortality ( ''very high confidence'' ) and morbidity ( ''medium confidence'' ). Vector-borne disease transmission, water-borne disease risks, food safety risks and mental health outcomes are projected to increase this century ( ''high confidence'' ). Available adaptation options will be less effective or unable to protect human health under high-emission scenarios ( ''high confidence'' ). {14.5.6, Box 14.2}

'''Climate-induced redistribution and declines in North American food production are a risk to future food and nutritional security (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''')''' '''''.''''' Climate change will continue to shift North American agricultural and fishery suitability ranges ( ''high confidence'' ) and intensify production losses of key crops ( ''high confidence'' ), livestock ( ''medium confidence'' ), fisheries ( ''high confidence'' ) and aquaculture products ( ''medium confidence'' ). In the absence of mitigation, incremental adaptation measures may not be sufficient to address rapidly changing conditions and extreme events, increasing the need for cross-sectoral coordination in implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures ( ''high confidence'' ). Combining sustainable intensification, approaches based on Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge, and ecosystem-based methods with inclusive and self-determined decision making, will result in more equitable food and nutritional security ( ''high confidence'' ). {14.5.1–4, 14.5.6, 14.7, Cross-Chapter Box INDIG in Chapter 18, Cross-Chapter Box MOVING PLATE in Chapter 5}

'''Escalating climate-change impacts on marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''') will alter ecological processes (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''') and amplify other anthropogenic threats to protected and iconic species and habitats (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Hotter droughts and progressive loss of seasonal water storage in snow and ice will tend to reduce summer season stream flows in much of western North America, while population growth, extensive irrigated agriculture and the needs of threatened and endangered aquatic species will continue to place high demands on those flows ( ''high confidence'' ). {14.2.2, 14.5.1, 14.5.2, 14.5.3, 14.5.4, 14.5.6, Box 14.7.1}

'''Market and non-market economic damages are projected to increase to the end of the century from climate impacts (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Estimates for the costs of climate inaction are substantial across economic sectors, infrastructure, human health and disaster management. Hard limits to adaptation may be reached for outdoor labour ( ''medium confidence'' ) and nature-based winter tourism activities ( ''very high confidence'' ). At higher levels of warming, climate impacts may pose systemic risks to financial markets through impacts on transportation systems, supply chains and major infrastructure, as well as global-scale challenges to trade ( ''medium confidence'' ) ''.'' {14.2.2, 14.5.4, 14.5.8, 14.5.7, 14.5.9, 14.5.5, Box 14.5, Box 14.6}

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