Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Cross-Chapter-Paper-5 (section)

===== Projected impacts, key risks and limits to adaptation in mountains =====

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'''Increasing temperatures will continue to induce changes in mountain regions throughout the 21st century, with expected negative consequences for mountain cryosphere, biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''').''' Many low-elevation and small glaciers around the world will lose most of their total mass at a 1.5°C global warming level (GWL) ( ''high confidence'' ). A large majority of endemic mountain species will be at risk of extinction; regions heavily relying on glacier melt and snowmelt for irrigation will face erratic water supply and increased food insecurity, whereas agriculture in some regions might see positive changes. Damages and losses from water-related hazards such as floods and landslides are projected to increase considerably between 1.5°C and 3°C GWL. {CCP5.3.1}

'''Projected changes in hazards, such as floods and landslides, as well as changes in the water cycle, will lead to severe risk consequences for people, infrastructure and the economy in many mountain regions (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' These risks will be more pervasive and increase more rapidly in south and central Asia and northwestern South America. However, nearly all mountain regions will face at least moderate and some regions even high risks at around 2°C GWL ( ''medium confidence'' ). {CCP5.3.2.1, CCP5.3.2.2 }

'''There is an increasing risk of local and global species extinctions where species are not able to move to higher elevations or other cooler locations (''' '''''high confidence''''' '''), with risks from extreme events such as wildfire potentially exacerbating those risks (''' '''''medium confidence''''' ''').''' The topographic variation in mountains, such as elevation or aspect, may mean that some species will be able to survive in cooler microclimates. Mountain regions may act as refugia for some species from lower elevations if they can move into them. This may enable some species to persist in a region, though it may pose a threat to cold-adapted species, including endemics, which may be outcompeted ( ''high confidence'' ); invasive non-native species may become an increasing problem in some places. {CCP5.3.2.3, Box CCP5.1; CCP1.2.2.1; 2.6.6; 16.6.3.1}

'''Climate change is projected to lead to profound changes and irreversible losses in mountain regions with negative consequences for ways of life and cultural identity (''' '''''medium confidence''''' ''').''' Intangible losses and loss of cultural values will become increasingly more widespread in mountain regions, mainly driven by a decline in snow and ice and an increase in intangible harm to people from hazards ( ''medium confidence'' ). However, there is ''limited evidence'' on the magnitude of the consequences. {CCP5.3.2.4; 16.5.2.1; 16.5.2.3.7}

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