Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-15 (section)

=== 15.5.5 Community-Based Adaptation ===

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Community-based adaptation (CBA) is best described as a ‘community-led process based on meaningful engagement and proactive involvement of local individuals and organisations’ ( [[#Remling--2016|Remling and Veitayaki, 2016]] ; p. 380). Enabling CBA projects to succeed relies on gaining a good understanding of the sociopolitical context within which the communities operate, including such key issues as land tenure arrangements and ownerships, gender and decision-making processes that operate on the ground ( [[#Nunn--2013|Nunn, 2013]] ; [[#Buggy--2016|Buggy and McNamara, 2016]] ; [[#Crichton--2018|Crichton and Esteban, 2018]] ; [[#Delevaux--2018|Delevaux et al., 2018]] ; [[#Nalau--2018b|Nalau et al., 2018b]] ; [[#Parsons--2018|Parsons et al., 2018]] ; [[#McNamara--2020|McNamara et al., 2020]] ; [[#Piggott-McKellar--2020|Piggott-McKellar et al., 2020]] ).This also includes the broader and often more urgent development issues that impact on communities’ well-being ( [[#Piggott-McKellar--2020|Piggott-McKellar et al., 2020]] ). Community-based projects demonstrate in the Pacific that communities’ vulnerabilities, priorities and needs might be a better and more effective entry point for climate adaptation than framing projects solely around climate change ( [[#Remling--2016|Remling and Veitayaki, 2016]] ; [[#Weir--2020|Weir, 2020]] ).This is supported by a recent review of 32 CBA initiatives in the Pacific where initiatives that were locally funded and implemented were more successful than those with external international funding ( [[#McNamara--2020|McNamara et al., 2020]] ). Initiatives that integrated EbA and climate awareness raising also performed better ( [[#McNamara--2020|McNamara et al., 2020]] ).

While CBA approaches to adaptation projects can increase community ownership and commitment to project implementation, these can also face challenges. In Pele Island, Vanuatu, implementation of CBA projects has experienced significant failures due to elite capture of project management, internal power dynamics within communities, and different priorities of communities living across the island that were supposed to be all responsible for implementing whole-of-island projects ( [[#Buggy--2016|Buggy and McNamara, 2016]] ). Similarly, in Samoa, consultations with community leaders led to the misplacement of a revetment wall that increased flooding in the area against engineering advice (McGinn, 2020). Also, community scale might not always be the best fit if the best scale to leverage adaptation is across catchment or whole-of-island scale ( [[#Buggy--2016|Buggy and McNamara, 2016]] ; [[#Remling--2016|Remling and Veitayaki, 2016]] ).

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