Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-9 (section)

=== 9.5.3 Adoption of Climate Mitigation Solutions – Reasons and Willingness ===

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Mixed effects are found for technical issues, attitudes, and values (Table 9.3). In spite of proven positive environmental attitudes and willingness to adopt mitigation solutions, these are outweighed by financial aspects all over the world ( [[#Mata--2021b|Mata et al. 2021b]] ). Adopters in Developed Countries are more sensitive towards financial issues and comfort disruptions; whereas in other world regions techno-economic concerns prevail. Private consumers seem ready to support stronger governmental action, whereas non-private interventions are hindered by constraints in budgets and profits, institutional barriers and complexities ( [[#Curtis--2017|Curtis et al. 2017]] ; [[#Zuhaib--2017|Zuhaib et al. 2017]] ; [[#Tsoka--2018|Tsoka et al. 2018]] ; [[#Kim--2019|Kim et al. 2019]] ).

A variety of interventions targeted to heterogeneous consumer groups and decision makers is needed to fulfil their diverse needs ( [[#Zhang--2012|Zhang et al. 2012]] ; [[#Haines--2014|Haines and Mitchell 2014]] ; [[#Gram-Hanssen--2014|Gram-Hanssen 2014]] ; [[#Marshall--2015|Marshall et al. 2015]] ; [[#Friege--2016|Friege et al. 2016]] ; [[#Hache--2017|Hache et al. 2017]] ; [[#Liang--2017|Liang et al. 2017]] ; [[#Ketchman--2018|Ketchman et al. 2018]] ; [[#Soland--2018|Soland et al. 2018]] ). Policy reviews for specific market segments and empirical studies investigating investment decisions would benefit from a multidisciplinary approach to energy consumption patterns and market maturity ( [[#Boyd--2016|Boyd 2016]] ; [[#Heiskanen--2017|Heiskanen and Matschoss 2017]] ; [[#Baumhof--2018|Baumhof et al. 2018]] ; [[#Marzano--2018|Marzano et al. 2018]] ; [[#Wilson--2018|Wilson et al. 2018]] ).

'''Table 9.''' '''3 | Reasons for Adoption of Climate Mitigation Solutions.''' The sign represents if the effect is positive (+) or negative (–), and the number of signs represents confidence level (++, many references; +, few references) ( [[#Mata--2021a|Mata et al. 2021a]] ).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| rowspan="2"|
| colspan="8"| '''Climate mitigation solutions for buildings'''

|-
| '''Building envelope'''

| '''Efficient technical systems'''

| '''On-site renewable energy'''

| '''Behaviour'''

| '''Performance standards'''

| '''Low-carbon materials'''

| '''Digitalisation and flexibility'''

| '''Circular and sharing economy'''

|-
| colspan="9"| Economic

|-
| Subsidies/microloans*

| +

| ++

| ++

| +

| ++

|
| +

|
|-
| Low/high investment costs

| –

| +/––

| ++/––

| +/–

| +/––

| +/–

| –

| –

|-
| Short payback period

| +

| +

| +

| +

| +

| +

| +

|
|-
| High potential savings

| ++

| ++

| ++

| +

| ++

|
| ++

| +

|-
| Market-driven demand

|
| +

| +

|
| +

|
| +

| +

|-
| Higher resale value

| +

| +

| +

|
| +

|
| +

|
|-
| Operating/maintenance costs

| +

| ++/–

| ++/–

| +

| +

| +

| +/–

|
|-
| Split incentives

| –

| –

| –

| –

| –

|
| –

|
|-
| Constrained budgets and profits

| –

| ––

| –

|
| ––

| –

| ––

| ––

|-
| Price competitive (overall)

|
| +

| +

|
| +

| +

| +

| +

|-
| colspan="9"| Information and support

|-
| Governmental support and capacity/lack of

| +/–

| +/–

| ++/–

|
| ++/–

| +

| +/–

| –

|-
| Institutional barriers and complexities

| –

| –

| –

| –

| ––

| –

| –

| –

|-
| Information and labelling/lack of

| +/–

| ++/–

| ++/–

| +

| ++/–

|
| +/–

| –

|-
| Smart metering

|
| +

| +

| +

|
| +

|
|-
| Participative ownership

|
| +

| +

| +

| +

| +

|
|-
| Peer effects

| +

| +

| ++

|
| +

|
| +

|
|-
| Professional advice/lack of

| +/–

| ++/–

| ++/–

| –

| +/––

| –

| +/–

| +/–

|-
| Social norm

| +

| +

| +

| +

| +

|
| +

| +

|-
| Previous experience with solution/lack of

| +/–

| +/–

| +/–

| –

| –

| –

| +/–

| +/–

|-
| colspan="9"| '''Technical'''

|-
| Condition of existing elements

| +

| +

| +

| +

| +

|
| +

|
|-
| Natural resource availability

| +

| +

| ++

| +

|
| +

|
| +

|-
| Performance and maintenance concerns*

| –

| –

| ––

|
| ––

| –

| –

| –

|-
| Low level of control over appliances

|
| –

| –

| –

| –

|
| –

|
|-
| Limited alternatives available

|
| –

| –

|
| –

| –

|
|-
| Not compatible with existing equipment

| –

| –

| –

| –

|
| –

| –

|-
| colspan="9"| Attitudes and values

|-
| Appealing novel technology

| +

| +

| ++

| +

| +

| +

| ++

| +

|-
| Social and egalitarian world views

| +

|
| +

| +

| +

|
| +

|
|-
| Willingness to pay

|
| +

| ++

|
| +

|
| +

|
|-
| Heritage or aesthetic values

| +/–

| ++/–

| +/–

|
| +/–

|
| +/–

|
|-
| Environmental values

| +

| +

| ++

| +

| ++

| +

| ++

| +

|-
| Status and comfort/Lack of

| ++

| ++

| ++

| +

| ++

|
| +

|
|-
| Discomfort during the retrofitting period

| –

| –

| –

|
| –

|
| –

|
|-
| Control, privacy, and security/Lack of*

|
| +/–

| +/–

| –

| –

| –

| +/––

|
|-
| Risk aversion

| –

| –

| –

|
| –

| –

| –

|
|-
| colspan="9"| Social

|-
| Size factors (household, building)

|
| +/–

| ++/–

| +

| +

|
| +

|
|-
| Status (education, income)

| +/–

| ++/–

| +/–

| +/–

| +/–

| +

| +/–

|
|-
| Socio-demographic (age, gender, and ethnicity)

| +/–

| ++/–

| +/–

| +/–

| +/–

|
| +/–

|
|}

<div id="9.5.3.1" class="h3-container"></div>

<span id="building-envelope"></span>
==== 9.5.3.1 Building Envelope ====

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In North America and Europe, personal attitudes, values, and existing information and support are the most and equally important reasons for improving the building envelope. Consumers have some economic concerns and little technical concerns, the latter related to the performance and maintenance of the installed solutions ( [[#Mata--2021a|Mata et al. 2021a]] ). In other world regions or climate zones the literature is limited.

Motivations are often triggered by urgent comfort or replacement needs. Maintaining the aesthetic value may as well hinder the installation of insulation if no technical solutions are easily available ( [[#Haines--2014|Haines and Mitchell 2014]] ; [[#Bright--2019|Bright et al. 2019]] ). Local professionals and practitioners can both encourage ( [[#Friege--2016|Friege 2016]] ; [[#Ozarisoy--2017|Ozarisoy and Altan 2017]] ) and discourage the installation of insulation, according to their knowledge and training ( [[#Curtis--2017|Curtis et al. 2017]] ; [[#Zuhaib--2017|Zuhaib et al. 2017]] ; [[#Maxwell--2018|Maxwell et al. 2018]] ; [[#Tsoka--2018|Tsoka et al. 2018]] ). If energy renovations of the buildings envelopes are not normative, cooperative ownership may be a barrier in apartment buildings ( [[#Miezis--2016|Miezis et al. 2016]] ). Similarly, product information and labelling may be helpful or overwhelming ( [[#Ozarisoy--2017|Ozarisoy and Altan 2017]] ; [[#Lilley--2017|Lilley et al. 2017]] ; [[#Bright--2019|Bright et al. 2019]] ). Decisions are correlated to governmental support (Swantje et al. 2015; [[#Tam--2016|Tam et al. 2016]] ) and peer information ( [[#Friege--2016|Friege et al. 2016]] ; [[#Friege--2016|Friege 2016]] ).

The intervention is required to be cost efficient, although value could be placed in the amount of energy saved ( [[#Mortensen--2016|Mortensen et al. 2016]] ; [[#Lilley--2017|Lilley et al. 2017]] ; [[#Howarth--2018|Howarth and Roberts 2018]] ; [[#Kim--2019|Kim et al. 2019]] ) or the short payback period ( [[#Miezis--2016|Miezis et al. 2016]] ). Subsidies have a positive effect ( [[#Swan--2017|Swan et al. 2017]] ).

<div id="9.5.3.2" class="h3-container"></div>

<span id="adoption-of-efficient-hvac-systems-and-appliances"></span>
==== 9.5.3.2 Adoption of Efficient HVAC Systems and Appliances ====

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Mixed willingness is found to adopt efficient technologies. While Developed Countries are positive towards building envelope technologies, appliances such as A-rated equipment or condensing boilers are negatively perceived ( [[#Yohanis--2012|Yohanis 2012]] ). In contrast, adopters in Asia are positive towards energy-saving appliances ( [[#Liao--2020|Liao et al. 2020]] ; [[#Spandagos--2020|Spandagos et al. 2020]] ).

Comfort, economic and ecological aspects, as well as information influence the purchase of a heating system ( [[#Claudy--2011|Claudy et al. 2011]] ; [[#Decker--2015|Decker and Menrad 2015]] ). Information and support from different stakeholders are the most relevant aspects in different geographical contexts ( [[#Hernandez-Roman--2017|Hernandez-Roman et al. 2017]] ; [[#Tumbaz--2018|Tumbaz and Moğulkoç 2018]] ; [[#Curtis--2018|Curtis et al. 2018]] ; [[#Bright--2019|Bright et al. 2019]] ; [[#Chu--2019|Chu and Wang 2019]] ).

Among high-income countries, economy aspects have positive effects, specially reductions in energy bills and financial incentives or subsidies ( [[#Chun--2013|Chun and Jiang 2013]] ; [[#Christidou--2014|Christidou et al. 2014]] ; [[#Mortensen--2016|Mortensen et al. 2016]] ; [[#Clancy--2017|Clancy et al. 2017]] ; [[#Ketchman--2018|Ketchman et al. 2018]] ). Having complementary technologies already in place also has positively affects adoption ( [[#Zografakis--2012|Zografakis et al. 2012]] ; [[#Clancy--2017|Clancy et al. 2017]] ), but performance and maintenance concerns appear as barriers ( [[#Qiu--2014|Qiu et al. 2014]] ). The solutions are positively perceived as high-technology innovative, to enhance status, and are supported by peers and own-environmental values ( [[#Mortensen--2016|Mortensen et al. 2016]] ; [[#Heiskanen--2017|Heiskanen and Matschoss 2017]] ; [[#Ketchman--2018|Ketchman et al. 2018]] ).

<div id="9.5.3.3" class="h3-container"></div>

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==== 9.5.3.3 Installation of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) ====

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Although consumers are willing to install distributed RES worldwide, and information has successfully supported their roll out, economic and governmental support is still necessary for their full deployment. Technical issues remain for either very novel technologies or for the integration of RES in the energy system ( [[#Ürge-Vorsatz--2020|Ürge-Vorsatz et al. 2020]] ; [[#Mata--2021a|Mata et al. 2021a]] ). Capacities are to be built by coordinated actions by all stakeholders ( [[#Musonye--2020|Musonye et al. 2020]] ). To this aim, energy communities and demonstrative interventions at local scale are key to address technical, financial, regulatory and structural barriers and document long-term benefits ( [[#von%20Wirth--2018|von Wirth et al. 2018]] ; [[#Shafique--2020|Shafique et al. 2020]] ; [[#Fouladvand--2020|Fouladvand et al. 2020]] ).

Regarding solar technologies, heterogeneous decisions are formed by socio-demographic, economic and technical predictors interwoven with a variety of behavioural traits (Alipour et al. 2020; [[#Khan--2020|Khan 2020]] ). Studies on PV adoption confirm place-specific (various spatial and peer effects), multi-scalar cultural dynamics ( [[#Bollinger--2012|Bollinger and Gillingham 2012]] ; [[#Schaffer--2015|Schaffer and Brun 2015]] ; [[#Graziano--2015|Graziano and Gillingham 2015]] ). Environmental concern and technophilia drive the earliest PV adopters, while later adopters value economic gains (Hampton and Eckermann 2013; [[#Jager-Waldau--2018|Jager-Waldau et al. 2018]] ; [[#Abreu--2019|Abreu et al. 2019]] ; [[#Palm--2020|Palm 2020]] ). Previous experience with similar solutions increases adoption ( [[#Baumhof--2018|Baumhof et al. 2018]] ; Qurashi and Ahmed 2019; [[#Bach--2020|Bach et al. 2020]] ; Reindl and [[#Palm--2020|Palm 2020]] ).

<div id="9.5.3.4" class="h3-container"></div>

<span id="low-carbon-materials"></span>
==== 9.5.3.4 Low-carbon Materials ====

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Studies on low-carbon materials tend to focus on wood-based building systems and prefabricated housing construction, mostly in high-income countries, as many sustainable managed forestries and factories for prefabricated housing concentrated in such regions ( [[#Mata--2021a|Mata et al. 2021a]] ). This uneven promotion of wood can lead to its overconsumption ( [[#Pomponi--2020|Pomponi et al. 2020]] ).

Although the solutions are not yet implemented at scale, examples include the adoption of low carbon cement in Cuba motivated by the possibility of supplying the rising demand with low initial investment costs ( [[#Cancio%20Díaz--2017|Cancio Díaz et al. 2017]] ) or adoption of bamboo-based social houses in The Philippines motivated by local job creation and typhoon resistance ( [[#Zea%20Escamilla--2016|Zea Escamilla et al. 2016]] ). More generally, low investment costs and high level decision-making, for example, political will and environmental values of society, increase the adoption rate of low-carbon materials ( [[#Steinhardt--2016|Steinhardt and Manley 2016]] ; [[#Lien--2019|Lien and Lolli 2019]] ; [[#Hertwich--2020|Hertwich et al. 2020]] ). In contrast, observed barriers include lobbying by traditional materials industries, short-term political decision making ( [[#Tozer--2019|Tozer 2019]] ) and concerns over technical performance, risk of damage, and limited alternatives available ( [[#Thomas--2014|Thomas et al. 2014]] ).

<div id="9.5.3.5" class="h3-container"></div>

<span id="digitalisation-and-demand-supply-flexibility"></span>
==== 9.5.3.5 Digitalisation and Demand-supply Flexibility ====

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Demand-supply flexibility measures are experimentally being adopted in North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific Developed regions. Changes in the current regulatory framework would facilitate participation based on trust and transparent communication ( [[#Wolsink--2012|Wolsink 2012]] ; [[#Nyborg--2013|Nyborg and Røpke 2013]] ; [[#Mata--2020b|Mata et al. 2020b]] ). However, consumers expect governments and energy utilities to steer the transition ( [[#Seidl--2019|Seidl et al. 2019]] ).

Economic challenges are observed, as unclear business models, disadvantageous market models and high costs of advanced smart metering. Technical challenges include constraints for HPs and seasonality of space heating demands. Social challenges relate to lack of awareness of real-time price information and inadequate technical understanding. Consumers lack acceptance towards comfort changes (noise, overnight heating) and increased automation ( [[#Drysdale--2015|Drysdale et al. 2015]] ; [[#Bradley--2016|Bradley et al. 2016]] ; [[#Sweetnam--2019|Sweetnam et al. 2019]] ). Risks identified include higher peaks and congestions in low price-hours, difficulties in designing electricity tariffs because of conflicts with CO 2 intensity, and potential instability in the entire electricity system caused by tariffs coupling to wholesale electricity pricing.

Emerging market players are changing customer utility relationships, as the grid is challenged with intermittent loads and integration needs for ICTs, interfering with consumers requirements of autonomy and privacy ( [[#Wolsink--2012|Wolsink 2012]] ; [[#Parag--2016|Parag and Sovacool 2016]] ). Although most private PV owners would make their storage system available as balancing load for the grid operator, the acquisition of new batteries by a majority of consumers requires incentives ( [[#Gährs--2015|Gährs et al. 2015]] ). For distributed energy hubs, social acceptance depends on the amount of local benefits in economic, environmental or social terms (Kalkbrenner and Roosen 2015), and increases around demonstration projects ( [[#von%20Wirth--2018|von Wirth et al. 2018]] ).

<div id="9.5.3.6" class="h3-container"></div>

<span id="circular-and-sharing-economy"></span>
==== 9.5.3.6 Circular and Sharing Economy ====

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The circular and sharing economy begins to be perceived as organisational and technologically innovative, with the potential to provide superior customer value, response to societal trends and positive marketing ( [[#Mercado--2018|Mercado 2018]] ; [[#Cantzler--2020|Cantzler et al. 2020]] ; [[#Nußholz--2020|Nußholz et al. 2020]] ). Although technical and regulatory challenges remain, there are key difficulties around the demonstration of a business case for both consumers and the supply chain ( [[#Pomponi--2017|Pomponi and Moncaster 2017]] ; [[#Hart--2019|Hart et al. 2019]] ).

Government support is needed as an initiator but also to reinforce building retroﬁt targets, promote more stringent energy and material standards for new constructions, and protect consumer interests ( [[#Hongping--2017|Hongping 2017]] ; [[#Fischer--2017|Fischer and Pascucci 2017]] ; Patwa et al. 2020). Taxes clearly incentivise waste reduction and recycling ( [[#Rachel--2011|Rachel and Travis 2011]] ; [[#Ajayi--2015|Ajayi et al. 2015]] ; [[#Volk--2019|Volk et al. 2019]] ). In developing countries, broader, international, market boundaries can allow for a more attractive business model ( [[#Mohit--2020|Mohit et al. 2020]] ). Participative and new ownership models can favour the adoption of prefabricated buildings ( [[#Steinhardt--2016|Steinhardt and Manley 2016]] ). Needs for improvements are observed, in terms of design for flexibility and deconstruction, procurement and prefabrication and off-site construction, standardisation and dimensional coordination, with differences among solutions ( [[#Osmani--2012|Osmani 2012]] ; Coehlo et al.2013; [[#Lu--2013|Lu and Yuan 2013]] ; [[#Cossu--2015|Cossu and Williams 2015]] ; Schiller et al. 2015, 2017; [[#Ajayi--2017|Ajayi et al. 2017]] ; Bakshan et al. 2017).

Although training is a basic requirement, attitude, past experience, and social pressure can also be highly relevant, as illustrated for waste management in a survey to construction site workers ( [[#Amal--2017|Amal et al. 2017]] ). Traditional community practices of reuse of building elements are observed to be replaced by a culture of waste ( [[#Ajayi--2015|Ajayi et al. 2015]] ; [[#Hongping--2017|Hongping 2017]] ).

<div id="9.6" class="h1-container"></div>

<span id="global-and-regional-mitigation-potentials-and-costs"></span>