Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-16 (section)

==== 16.3.2.3 What Types of Responses Are Documented? ====

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'''''Behavioural change is the most common form of adaptation.''''' The scientific literature presents extensive evidence of behavioural adaptation—change in the strategies, practices and actions that people, particularly individuals and households, undertake to reduce risk (Figure 16.5). This includes, for example, household measures to protect homes from flooding, protect crops from drought, relocation out of hazard zones, and shifting livelihood strategies ( [[#Porter--2014|Porter et al., 2014]] ). This is followed by adaptation via technological innovation and infrastructural development, nature-based adaptation (enhancing, protecting or promoting ecosystem services) and institutional adaptation (enhancing multi-level governance or institutional capabilities). Behavioural adaptation is most frequently documented in Asia, Africa and Small Island States, and in the agriculture, health and development sectors. In the agricultural sector, households are adopting or changing to crops and livestock that are more adapted to drought, heat, moisture, pests and salinity ( [[#Arku--2013|Arku, 2013]] ; [[#Kattumuri--2017|Kattumuri et al., 2017]] ; [[#Wheeler--2019|Wheeler and Marning, 2019]] ). Studies in Africa and Asia have documented shifts in farming and animal husbandry practice ( [[#Arku--2013|Arku, 2013]] ; [[#Garcia%20de%20Jalon--2016|Garcia de Jalon et al., 2016]] ; [[#Gautier--2016|Gautier et al., 2016]] ; [[#Chengappa--2017|Chengappa et al., 2017]] ; [[#Epule--2017|Epule et al., 2017]] ; [[#Kattumuri--2017|Kattumuri et al., 2017]] ; [[#Abu--2018|Abu and Reed, 2018]] ; [[#Asadu--2018|Asadu et al., 2018]] ; [[#Haeffner--2018|Haeffner et al., 2018]] ; [[#Shaffril--2018|Shaffril et al., 2018]] ; [[#Wiederkehr--2018|Wiederkehr et al., 2018]] ; [[#Zinia--2018|Zinia and McShane, 2018]] ; [[#Currenti--2019|Currenti et al., 2019]] ; [[#Fischer--2019a|Fischer, 2019a]] ; [[#Fischer--2019b|Fischer, 2019b]] ; [[#Schofield--2019|Schofield and Gubbels, 2019]] ; [[#Sereenonchai--2019|Sereenonchai and Arunrat, 2019]] ; [[#Wheeler--2019|Wheeler and Marning, 2019]] ; [[#Mayanja--2020|Mayanja et al., 2020]] ). In Small Island Nations, studies have documented household flood protections measures such as raising elevation of homes and yards, creating flood barriers, improving drainage, moving belongings and, in some cases, relocating ( [[#Middelbeek--2014|Middelbeek et al., 2014]] ; [[#Currenti--2019|Currenti et al., 2019]] ; [[#Klock--2019|Klock and Nunn, 2019]] ).

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[[File:e27d2f40735a605dec7a2baab71aebce IPCC_AR6_WGII_Figure_16_005.png]]

'''Figure 16.5 |''' '''Type of adaptation responses by global region.''' Percentages reflect the number of articles mentioning each type of adaptation over the total number of articles for that region. Radar values do not total 100% per region since publications frequently report multiple types of adaptation; for example, construction of drainage systems (infrastructural), changing food storage practices by households (behavioural), and planting of tree cover in flood-prone areas (nature-based) in response to flood risk to agricultural crops. Data updated and adapted from [[#Berrang-Ford--2021a|Berrang-Ford et al. (2021a)]] , based on 1682 scientific publications reporting on adaptation-related responses in human systems.

'''''The mix of adaptation response types differs across regions and sectors.''''' Technological and infrastructural responses are widely reported in Europe, and globally in the context of cities and water and sanitation ( [[#Mees--2017|Mees, 2017]] ; [[#Hintz--2018|Hintz et al., 2018]] ). Responses to flood risk in Europe include the use of flood- and climate-resistant building materials, large-scale flood management, and water storage and irrigation systems ( [[#van%20Hooff--2015|van Hooff et al., 2015]] ; [[#Mees--2017|Mees, 2017]] ). Technological and infrastructural responses are also documented to some extent in agriculture, including, for example, breeding more climate-resilient crops, precision farming and other high-tech solutions such as genetic modification ( [[#Makhado--2014|Makhado et al., 2014]] ; [[#Fisher--2015|Fisher et al., 2015]] ; [[#Costantini--2020|Costantini et al., 2020]] ; [[#Fraga--2021|Fraga et al., 2021]] ; [[#Grusson--2021|Grusson et al., 2021]] ; [[#Naulleau--2021|Naulleau et al., 2021]] ). While less common, institutional responses are more prominent in North America and Australasia as compared with other regions, and include zoning regulations, new building codes, new insurance schemes, and coordination mechanisms ( [[#Craft--2013|Craft and Howlett, 2013]] ; [[#Craft--2013|Craft et al., 2013]] ; [[#Parry--2014|Parry, 2014]] ; [[#Ford--2015b|Ford et al., 2015b]] ; [[#Beiler--2016|Beiler et al., 2016]] ; [[#Lesnikowski--2016|Lesnikowski et al., 2016]] ; [[#Labbe--2017|Labbe et al., 2017]] ; [[#Sterle--2017|Sterle and Singletary, 2017]] ; [[#Hu--2018|Hu et al., 2018]] ; [[#Conevska--2019|Conevska et al., 2019]] ). Institutional adaptations are more frequently reported in cites than other sectors. Institutional adaptation may be particularly subject to reporting bias, however, with many institutional responses likely to be reported in the grey literature (see Chapter 17). Nature-based solutions are less frequently reported, except in Africa, where they are relatively well documented, and in the content of terrestrial systems where reports included species regeneration projects, wind breaks, erosion control, reforestation and riparian zone management ( [[#Munji--2014|Munji et al., 2014]] ; [[#Partey--2017|Partey et al., 2017]] ; [[#Muthee--2018|Muthee et al., 2018]] ).

'''''Some but not all adaptation-related responses are engaging vulnerable populations in planning or implementation''''' ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Araos--2021|Araos et al., 2021]] ). Consideration of vulnerable populations is most frequently focused on low-income populations and women through the inclusion of informal or formal institutions or representatives in adaptation planning, or through targeted adaptations to reduce risk in these populations ( ''high confidence'' ). Consideration of vulnerable groups in adaptation responses is more frequently reported in the Global South ( ''medium confidence'' ). Engagement in adaptation planning of vulnerable elderly, migrants, and ethnic minorities remains low across all global regions ( ''medium confidence'' ). There is negligible literature on consideration of disabled peoples in planning and implementation of adaptation-related responses ( ''medium confidence'' ).

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