Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.5.2.1 Rising temperature and heat stress ====

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Most domestic livestock have comfort zones in the range 10–30°C, depending on species and breed ( [[#Nardone--2006|Nardone et al., 2006]] ). At higher temperatures, animals eat 3–5% less per additional degree of temperature, reducing their productivity and fertility. Heat stress suppresses the immune and endocrine system, enhancing susceptibility of the animal to disease ( [[#Das--2016b|Das et al., 2016b]] ). Recent stagnation in dairy production in West Africa and China may be associated with increased periods of high daily temperatures ( ''low confidence'' ) ( [[#Rahimi--2020|Rahimi et al., 2020]] ; [[#Ranjitkar--2020|Ranjitkar et al., 2020]] ). Increases in the productive capacity of domestic animals can compromise thermal acclimation and plasticity, creating further loss. Escalating demand for livestock products in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs) may necessitate considerable adaptation in the face of new thermal environments ( ''medium confidence'' ) ( [[#Collier--2015|Collier and Gebremedhin, 2015]] ; [[#Theusme--2021|Theusme et al., 2021]] ). Heat effects on productivity have been summarised for pigs ( [[#da%20Fonseca%20de%20Oliveira--2019|da Fonseca de Oliveira et al., 2019]] ), sheep and goats ( [[#Sejian--2018|Sejian et al., 2018]] ), and cattle ( [[#Herbut--2019|Herbut et al., 2019]] ). The direct effects of higher temperatures on the smaller ruminants (sheep and goats) are relatively muted, compared with large ruminants; goats are better able to cope with multiple stressors than sheep ( [[#Sejian--2018|Sejian et al., 2018]] ). Under SSP5-8.5 to mid-century, land suitability for livestock production will decrease because of increased heat stress prevalence in mid and lower latitudes ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Thornton--2021|Thornton et al., 2021]] ).

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