Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-11 (section)

===== 11.3.4.4.1 Observed impacts =====

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The ecological impacts of climate change on fisheries species have already emerged ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Morrongiello--2015|Morrongiello and Thresher, 2015]] ; [[#Gervais--2021|Gervais et al., 2021]] ). This includes loss of habitats for fisheries species ( [[#Vergés--2016|Vergés et al., 2016]] ; [[#Babcock--2019|Babcock et al., 2019]] ) and poleward shifts in the distribution of barrens-forming urchins ( [[#Ling--2018|Ling and Keane, 2018]] ) impacting abalone and rock lobster fisheries. The percentage of reef as barrens across eastern Tasmania grew from 3.4% to 15.2% from 2001/2002 to 2016/2017, an approx. 10.5% increase per annum over the 15-year period ( [[#Ling--2018|Ling and Keane, 2018]] ). Oysters farmed from wild spat (Sydney rock oysters ''Saccostrea glomerata'' ) are most at risk from climate change, primarily due to observed increases in summer temperatures and heatwave-related mortalities ( [[#Doubleday--2013|Doubleday et al., 2013]] ). The exceptional 2017/2018 summer heatwave caused significant losses of farmed salmon in New Zealand, with farm owners seeking consent to move operations to cooler water ( [[#Salinger--2019b|Salinger et al., 2019b]] ).

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