Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-7 (section)

==== 7.4.4.4 Technology transfer and land-use sectors ====

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Technology transfer has been part of the UNFCCC process since its inception and is a key element of international climate mitigation and adaptation efforts under the Paris Agreement. The IPCC definition of ‘technology transfer’ includes transfer of knowledge and technological cooperation (see Glossary) and can include modifications to suit local conditions and/or integration with indigenous technologies (Metz et al. 2000 <sup>[[#fn:r1676|1676]]</sup> ). This definition suggests greater heterogeneity in the applications for climate mitigation and adaptation, especially in land-use sectors where indigenous knowledge may be important for long-term climate resilience (Nyong et al. 2007 <sup>[[#fn:r574|574]]</sup> ). For land-use sectors, the typical reliance on trade and patent data for empirical analyses is generally not feasible as the ‘technology’ in question is often related to resource management and is neither patentable nor tradable (Glachant and Dechezleprêtre 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r575|575]]</sup> ) and ill-suited to provide socially beneficially innovation for poorer farmers in developing countries (Lybbert and Sumner 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r576|576]]</sup> ; Baker et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r577|577]]</sup> ).

Technology transfer has contributed to emissions reductions ( ''medium confidence'' ). A detailed study for nearly 4000 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects showed that 39% of projects had a stated and actual technology transfer component, accounting for 59% of emissions reductions; however, the more land-intensive projects (e.g., afforestation, bioenergy) showed lower percentages (Murphy et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r578|578]]</sup> ). Bioenergy projects that rely on agricultural residues offer substantially more development benefits than those based on industrial residues from forests (Lee and Lazarus 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r579|579]]</sup> ). Energy projects tended to have a greater degree of technology transfer under the CDM compared to non-energy projects (Gandenberger et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r580|580]]</sup> ). However, longer-term cooperation and collaborative R&amp;D approaches to technology transfer will be more important in land-use sectors (compared to energy or industry) due to the time needed for improved resource management and interaction between researchers, practitioners and policymakers. These approaches offer longer-term technology transfer that is more difficult to measure compared to specific cooperation projects; empirical research on the effects of R&amp;D collaboration could help to avoid the ‘one-policy-fits- all’ approach (Ockwell et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r581|581]]</sup> ).

There is increasing recognition of the role of technology transfer in climate adaptation, but in the land-use sector there are inherent adoption challenges specific to adaptation, due to uncertainties arising from changing climatic conditions, agricultural prices, and suitability under future conditions (Biagini et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r582|582]]</sup> ). Engaging the private sector is important, as adoption of new technologies can only be replicated with significant private sector involvement (Biagini and Miller 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r583|583]]</sup> ).

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