Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-12 (section)

==== 12.3.7.2 Exposure ====

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There is ''high confidence'' that age and socioeconomic status are key factors determining health exposure and quality of life in SWS, where low-income areas show an insufficient number of public spaces to provide acceptable environmental quality in comparison with the high-income areas ( [[#Romero-Lankao--2013|Romero-Lankao et al., 2013]] ; [[#Fernández--2016|Fernández and Wu, 2016]] ; [[#Paz--2016|Paz et al., 2016]] ; [[#Hystad--2019|Hystad et al., 2019]] ; [[#Smith--2019|Smith and Henríquez, 2019]] ; [[#Jaime--2020|Jaime et al., 2020]] ; [[#Pino-Cortés--2020|Pino-Cortés et al., 2020]] ).

Profound social inequalities, urban expansion and inadequate city planning (e.g., drainage network) increase exposure to flooding events and landslides ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Müller--2014|Müller and Höfer, 2014]] ; [[#Rojas--2017|Rojas et al., 2017]] ; [[#Lara--2018|Lara et al., 2018]] ), heat hazards such as heatwaves ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Welz--2014|Welz et al., 2014]] ; [[#Qin--2015|Qin et al., 2015]] ; [[#Inostroza--2016|Inostroza et al., 2016]] ; [[#Welz--2016|Welz and Krellenberg, 2016]] ; [[#Krellenberg--2017|Krellenberg and Welz, 2017]] ) and the loss and fragmentation of green infrastructure (GI) ( [[#Hernández-Moreno--2018|Hernández-Moreno and Reyes-Paecke, 2018]] ). SWS cities show the highest levels of air pollution of CSA ( ''medium confidence: medium evidence'' , ''high agreement'' ) ( [[#Pino--2015|Pino et al., 2015]] ; [[#Huneeus--2020|Huneeus et al., 2020]] ; [[#González-Rojas--2021|González-Rojas et al., 2021]] ), where state air quality alerts have limited effect on protective health behaviours, since public perceptions about air pollution vary widely among the population ( [[#Boso--2019|Boso et al., 2019]] ). In particular, human communities living in coastal cities show a negative safety perception about the performance of the infrastructure and coastal defences to flood events ( ''low confidence'' ) ( [[#González--2017|González and Holtmann-Ahumada, 2017]] ; [[#Igualt--2019|Igualt et al., 2019]] ).

Although climate change is critically important for the current and future status of mining activity in SWS ( [[#Odell--2018|Odell et al., 2018]] ), and SWS areas subjected to mining activities are highly exposed to water risk ( [[#Northey--2017|Northey et al., 2017]] ), to date there is ''low evidence'' of climate change impacting mining activities ( [[#Corzo--2018|Corzo and Gamboa, 2018]] ; [[#Odell--2018|Odell et al., 2018]] ).

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