Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/TS (section)

=== Governance ===

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'''TS.E.5 Governance arrangements and practices are presently ineffective to reduce risks, reverse path dependencies and maladaptation and facilitate climate resilient development (''' '''''very high confidence''''' '''). Governance for climate resilient development involves diverse societal actors, including the most vulnerable, who can work collectively, drawing upon local and Indigenous knowledges and science, and are supported by strong political will and climate change leadership (''' '''''medium confidence''''' '''). Governance practices will work best when they are coordinated within and between multiple scales and levels (institutional, geographical and temporal) and sectors, with supporting financial resources, are tailored for local conditions, are gender-responsive and gender-inclusive and are founded upon enduring institutional and social learning capabilities to address the complexity, dynamism, uncertainty and contestation that characterise escalating climate risk (''' '''''medium confidence''''' ''').''' { 1.4.2, 3.6.2, 3.6.3, 4.8, 4.8.1, 4.8.2, 4.8.3, 4.8.4, 4.8.5, 4.8.6, 4.8.7, 6.4.3, 6.4.4, 9.4.5, 17.4, 17.6 }

'''TS.E.5.1 Prevailing governance efforts have not closed the adaptation gap (''' '''''very high confidence''''' '''), in part due to the complex interconnections between climate and non-climate risk and the limits of the predominant development and governance practices (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Institutional fragmentation, under- resourcing of services, inadequate adaptation funding, uneven capability to manage uncertainties and conflicting values and reactive governance across competing policy domains collectively lock in existing exposures and vulnerabilities, creating barriers and limits to adaptation, and undermine climate resilient development prospects ( ''high confidence'' ). This is amplified by inequity, poverty, population growth and high population density, land use change, especially deforestation, soil degradation, biodiversity loss, high dependence of national and local economies on natural resources for production of commodities, weak governance, unequal access to safe water and sanitation services and a lack of infrastructure and financing, which reduce adaptation capacity and deepen vulnerability ( ''high confidence'' ). { 3.6.3, 3.6.5, 6.4.3, Figure 6.5, 9.4.1, 11.7, Table 11.14, Table 11.16, 12.1.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.5.5, 12.5.7, Figure 12.2 }

'''TS.E.5.2 Climate governance arrangements and practices are enabled when they are embedded in societal systems that advance human well-being and planetary health (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''').''' Collective action and strengthened networked collaboration, more inclusive governance, spatial planning and risk-sensitive infrastructure delivery will contribute to reducing risks ( ''medium confidence'' ). Enablers for climate governance include better practices and legal reforms, improving justice, equity and gender considerations, building human resource capacity, increased finance and risk transfer mechanisms, education and climate change literacy programmes, increased access to climate information, adequately downscaled climate data and embedding Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge as well as integrating cultural resources into decision-making ( ''high confidence'' ). { 4.8.7, 9.4.5, 15.6.1, 15.6.3, 15.6.4, 15.6.5, 17.4, 17.6 }

'''TS.E.5.3 Climate governance will be most effective when it has meaningful and ongoing involvement of all societal actors from local to global levels (''' '''''very high confidence''''' ''').''' Actors, including individuals and households, communities, governments at all levels, private-sector businesses, non-governmental organisations, Indigenous Peoples, religious groups and social movements, at many scales and in many sectors, are adapting already and can take stronger adaptation and mitigation actions. Many forms of adaptation are more effective, more cost-efficient and more equitable when organised inclusively ( ''high confidence'' ). Greater coordination and engagement across levels of government, business and community serves to move from planning to action and from reactive to proactive adaptation ( ''high confidence'' ). Inclusion of all societal actors helps to secure credibility, relevance and legitimacy, while fostering commitment and social learning ( ''medium'' to ''high confidence'' ), as well as equity and well-being, and reduces long-term vulnerability across scales ( ''high evidence, medium agreement'' ). Social movements in many cities, including those led by youth, have heightened public awareness about the need for urgent, inclusive adaptation that can enhance well-being, foster formal and informal cooperation and coherence between different institutions and build new adaptive capacities. City and local governments remain key actors facilitating climate change adaptation in cities and settlements ( ''medium confidence'' ). Private and business investment in key infrastructure, housing construction and insurance can drive adaptive action at scale but can exclude the priorities of the poor ( ''medium confidence'' ). Networked community actions can address neighbourhood-scale improvements and vulnerability at scale ( ''very high confidence'' ). { 1.4.2, 3.6.5, 6.1, 6.4, 9.4.5, Box 9.4, 11.4.1, 11.4.2, 14.6.3, Box 14.8, 17.2 }

'''TS.E.5.4 Governance practices for climate resilient development will be most effective when supported by formal (e.g., the law) and informal (e.g., local customs and rituals) institutional arrangements providing for ongoing coordination between and alignment of local to international arrangements across sectors and policy domains (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' Aligned national and international legal and policy instruments can support the development and implementation of adaptation and climate risk management ( ''medium confidence'' ) and reduce exposure to key risks ( ''high confidence'' ). Dedicated climate change acts can play a foundational and distinctive role in supporting effective climate governance, and are drivers of subsequent activity in both developing and developed countries ( ''high confidence'' ). The transboundary nature of many climate change risks and species responses will require transboundary solutions through multi-national or regional governance processes on land ( ''medium confidence'' ) and at sea ( ''high confidence'' ). { 3.6.5, Table 3.28, 4.6.2, 4.6, 6.1, 9.4.3, 9.4.4, Box 9.5, 11.7.1, 11.7.3, 17.2.1, 17.3.2, 17.4.2, 17.5.1, 17.6, 18.4.3, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP5.4.2 CCP5.4.2] , [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP6.3 CCP6.3] , CCB MOVING PLATE }

'''TS.E.5.5 Multi-lateral governance efforts can help reconcile contested interests, worldviews and values about how to address climate change (''' '''''medium confidence''''' ''').''' Policy responses and strategies that localise development and expand the adaptation and mobility options of populations exposed to climatic risks can also reduce risks of climate-related conflict and political instability ( ''high agreement, medium evidence'' ). Formal institutional arrangements for natural resource management can contribute to wider cooperation and peacebuilding ( ''high confidence'' ). Reducing vulnerability depends on the inclusive engagement of the most vulnerable, is gender-responsive and includes key societal actors from civil society, the private sector and government, with an especially important role played by local government in partnership with local communities. Strong governance and gender-sensitive approaches to natural resource management reduce the risk of intergroup conflict in climate-disrupted areas ( ''medium confidence'' ). { 3.6.3, 3.6.4, 3.6.5, 4.8.5, 4.8.6, 4.8.7, 6.1, 7.4.4, 7.4.5, CCB COVID, CCB GENDER, CCB HEALTH, CCB INDIG }

'''TS.E.5.6 A range of governance processes, practices and tools that are applicable across a range of temporal and spatial scales are available to support inclusive decision-making for adaptation and risk management in diverse settings (''' '''''high confidence''''' ''').''' National guidance and laws, policies and regulations, decision tools that can be tailored to local circumstances, innovative engagement processes and collaborative governance can motivate better understanding of climate risk and build climate resilient development ( ''high confidence'' ). Collaborative networks and institutions, including among local communities and their governing authorities, can help resolve conflicts ( ''high confidence'' ). A combination of robust climate information, adaptive decision-making under uncertainty, land use planning, public engagement and conflict resolution approaches can help to address governance constraints to prepare for climate risks and build adaptive capacity ( ''high confidence'' ). New modelling, monitoring and evaluation approaches, alongside disruptive technologies, can help understand the societal implications of trade-offs and build integrated pathways of low-regret anticipatory options, established jointly across sectors in a timely manner, to avoid locked-in development pathways ( ''high confidence'' ). { 3.6.2, 3.6.3, 3.6.4, 3.6.5, 5.14.1, 5.14.4, 11.4.1, 11.4.2, 11.7.1, 11.7.3, Box 11.5, 15.5.3, 15.5.4, 15.6.3, 15.6.4, 15.6.5, 17.3.1, 17.3.2, 17.4.2, 17.4.4, 17.6, [https://www.ipcc.ch/chapter/ts#CCP2.4.3 CCP2.4.3] , CCB DEEP, CCB NATURAL, CCB SLR, CWGB BIOECONOMY }

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