Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.3.3.1 Crop production ====

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There are many current agricultural management practices that can be optimised and scaled up to advance adaptation. Among the often-studied adaptation options are increased soil organic matter, improved cropland management, increased food productivity, prevention and reversal of soil erosion (see Chapter 6 for evaluation of these practices in regard to desertification and land degradation). Many analyses have demonstrated the effectiveness of soil management and changing sowing date, crop type or variety (Waongo et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r565|565]]</sup> ; Bodin et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r566|566]]</sup> ; Teixeira et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r567|567]]</sup> ; Waha et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r568|568]]</sup> ; Zimmermann et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r569|569]]</sup> ; Chalise and Naranpanawa 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r570|570]]</sup> ; Moniruzzaman 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r571|571]]</sup> ; Sanz et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r572|572]]</sup> ). Biophysical adaptation options also include pest and disease management (Lamichhane et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r573|573]]</sup> ) and water management (Palmer et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r574|574]]</sup> ; Korbeľová and Kohnová 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r575|575]]</sup> ).

In Africa, Scheba (2017) <sup>[[#fn:r576|576]]</sup> found that conservation agriculture techniques were embedded in an agriculture setting based on local traditional knowledge, including crop rotation, no or minimum tillage, mulching, and cover crops. Cover cropping and no-tillage also improved soil health in a highly commercialised arid irrigated system in California’s San Joaquin Valley, USA (Mitchell et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r577|577]]</sup> ). Biofertilisers can enhance rice yields (Kantachote et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r578|578]]</sup> ), and Amanullah and Khalid (2016) <sup>[[#fn:r579|579]]</sup> found that manure and biofertiliser improve maize productivity under semi-arid conditions.

Adaptation also involves use of current genetic resources as well as breeding programmes for both crops and livestock. More drought, flood and heat-resistant crop varieties (Atlin et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r580|580]]</sup> ; Mickelbart et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r581|581]]</sup> ; Singh et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r582|582]]</sup> ) and improved nutrient and water use efficiency, including overabundance as well as water quality (such as salinity) (Bond et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r583|583]]</sup> ) are aspects to factor into the design of adaptation measures. Both availability and adoption of these varieties is a possible path for adaptation and can be facilitated by new outreach policy and capacity building.

Water management is another key area for adaptation. Increasing water availability and reliability of water for agricultural production using different techniques of water harvesting, storage, and its judicious utilisation through farm ponds, dams, and community tanks in rainfed agriculture areas have been presented by Rao et al. (2017) <sup>[[#fn:r1436|1436]]</sup> and Rivera-Ferre et al. (2016a) <sup>[[#fn:r1437|1437]]</sup> . In addition, improved drainage systems (Thiel et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r584|584]]</sup> ), and Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) techniques for rice cultivation (Howell et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r585|585]]</sup> ; Rahman and Bulbul 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r586|586]]</sup> ) have been proposed. Efficient irrigation systems have been also analysed and proposed by Jägermeyr et al. (2016) <sup>[[#fn:r587|587]]</sup> , Naresh et al. (2017) <sup>[[#fn:r588|588]]</sup> , Gunarathna et al. (2017) <sup>[[#fn:r589|589]]</sup> and Chartzoulakis and Bertaki (2015) <sup>[[#fn:r590|590]]</sup> . Recent innovation includes using farming systems with low usage of water such as drip-irrigation or hydroponic systems mostly in urban farming.

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