Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-4 (section)

==== 4.3.5.7 Climate services ====

<div id="section-4-3-5-7-block-1"></div>

There is ''medium evidence'' and ''high agreement'' that climate services can play a critical role in aiding adaptation decision-making (Vaughan and Dessai, 2014; Wood et al., 2014; Lourenço et al., 2016; Trenberth et al., 2016; Singh et al., 2017; Vaughan et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r471|471]]</sup> . The higher uptake of short-term climate information such as weather advisories and daily forecasts contrast with lesser use of longer-term information such as seasonal forecasts and multi-decadal projections (Singh et al., 2017; Vaughan et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r472|472]]</sup> . Climate service interventions have met challenges with scaling up due to low capacity, inadequate institutions, and difficulties in maintaining systems beyond pilot project stage (Sivakumar et al., 2014; Tall et al., 2014; Gebru et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2016b) <sup>[[#fn:r473|473]]</sup> , and technical, institutional, design, financial and capacity barriers to the application of climate information for better decision-making remain (Briley et al., 2015; WMO, 2015; L. Jones et al., 2016; Lourenço et al., 2016; Snow et al., 2016; Harjanne, 2017; Singh et al., 2017; C.J. White et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r474|474]]</sup> .

<div id="section-4-3-5-7-block-2"></div>

<span id="table-4.4"></span>
<!-- START TABLE -->
'''Table 4.4'''

<span id="assessment-of-overarching-adaptation-options-in-relation-to-enabling-conditions.-for-more-details-see-supplementary-material-4.sm.2."></span>
'''Assessment of overarching adaptation options in relation to enabling conditions. For more details, see Supplementary Material 4.SM.2.'''

<!-- TABLE -->
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Option
! Enabling Conditions
! Examples
|-
| Disaster risk management (DRM)
| Governance and institutional capacity: supports post-disaster recovery and reconstruction (Kelman et al., 2015; Kull et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r475|475]]</sup> .
| Early warning systems (Anacona et al., 2015) <sup>[[#fn:r476|476]]</sup> , and monitoring of dangerous lakes and surrounding slopes (including using remote sensing) offer DRM opportunities<br />
(Emmer et al., 2016; Milner et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r477|477]]</sup> .
|-
| Risk sharing and spreading: insurance
| Institutional capacity and finance: buffers climate risk (Wolfrom and Yokoi-Arai, 2015; O’Hare et al., 2016; Glaas et al., 2017; Jenkins et al., 2017; Patel et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r478|478]]</sup> .
| In 2007, the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility was formed to pool risk from tropical cyclones, earthquakes, and excess rainfalls (Murphy et al., 2012; CCRIF, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r479|479]]</sup> .
|-
| Social safety nets
| Institutional capacity and finance: builds generic adaptive capacity and reduces social vulnerability (Weldegebriel and Prowse, 2013; Eakin et al., 2014; Lemos et al., 2016; Schwan and Yu, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r480|480]]</sup> .
| In sub-Saharan Africa, cash transfer programmes targeting poor communities have proven successful in smoothing household welfare and food security during droughts, strengthening community ties, and reducing debt levels (del Ninno et al., 2016; Asfaw et al., 2017; Asfaw and Davis, 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r481|481]]</sup> .
|-
| Education and learning
| Behavioural change and institutional capacity: social learning strengthens adaptation and affects longer-term change (Clemens et al., 2015; Ensor and Harvey, 2015; Henly-Shepard et al., 2015) <sup>[[#fn:r482|482]]</sup> .
| Participatory scenario planning is a process by which multiple stakeholders work together<br />
to envision future scenarios under a range of climatic conditions (Oteros-Rozas et al.,<br />
2015; Butler et al., 2016; Flynn et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r483|483]]</sup> .
|-
| Population health and health system
| Institutional capacity: 1.5°C warming will primarily exacerbate existing health challenges (K.R. Smith et al., 2014) <sup>[[#fn:r484|484]]</sup> , which can be targeted by enhancing health services.
| Heatwave early warning and response systems coordinate the implementation of multiple measures in response to predicted extreme temperatures (e.g., public announcements, opening public cooling shelters, distributing information on heat stress symptoms) (Knowlton et al., 2014; Takahashi et al., 2015; Nitschke et al., 2016, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r485|485]]</sup> .
|-
| Indigenous knowledge
| Institutional capacity and behavioural change: knowledge of environmental conditions helps communities detect and monitor change (Johnson et al., 2015; Mistry and Berardi, 2016; Williams et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r486|486]]</sup> .
| Options such as integration of indigenous knowledge into resource management systems and school curricula, are identified as potential adaptations (Cunsolo Willox et al., 2013; McNamara and Prasad, 2014; MacDonald et al., 2015; Pearce et al., 2015; Chambers et al., 2017; Inamara and Thomas, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r487|487]]</sup> .
|-
| Human migration
| Governance: revising and adopting migration issues in national disaster risk management policies, National Adaptation Plans and NDCs (Kuruppu and Willie, 2015; Yamamoto et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r488|488]]</sup> .
| In dryland India, populations in rural regions already experiencing 1.5°C warming are migrating to cities (Gajjar et al., 2018)  <sup>[[#fn:r489|489]]</sup> but are inadequately covered by existing policies (Bhagat, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r490|490]]</sup> .
|-
| Climate services
| Technological innovation: rapid technical development (due to increased financial inputs and growing demand) is improving quality of climate information provided (Rogers and Tsirkunov, 2010; Clements et al., 2013; Perrels et al., 2013; Gasc et al., 2014; WMO, 2015; Roudier et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r491|491]]</sup> .
| Climate services are seeing wide application in sectors such as agriculture, health, disaster management and insurance (Lourenço et al., 2016; Vaughan et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r492|492]]</sup> , with implications for adaptation decision-making (Singh et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r493|493]]</sup> .
|}
<!-- END TABLE -->

<div id="section-4-3-5-7-block-3" class="box"></div>

<span id="cross-chapter-box-9-risks-adaptation-interventions-and-implications-for-sustainable-development-and-equity-across-four-social-ecological-systems-arctic-caribbean-amazon-and-urban"></span>