Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-6 (section)

=== 6.4.1 Feasibility of the integrated response options with respect to costs, barriers, saturation and reversibility ===

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For each of the response options, Tables 6.62–6.69 summarise the feasibility with respect to saturation and reversibility and cost, technological, institutional, socio-cultural and environmental and geophysical barriers (the same barrier categories used in SR15).

Many land management options face issues of saturation and reversibility; however, these are not of concern for the value chain and risk management options. Reversibility is an issue for all options that increase terrestrial carbon stock, either through increased soil carbon or changes in land cover (e.g., reforestation, afforestation), since future changes in climate or land cover could result in reduced carbon storage (Smith 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r889|889]]</sup> ). In addition, the benefits of options that improve land management (e.g., improved cropland management, improved grazing management) will cease if the practice is halted, reversing any potential benefits.

The cost of the response options varies substantially, with some options having relatively low costs (e.g., the cost of agroforestry is less than 10 USD tCO2e–1) while others have much higher costs (e.g., the cost of BECCS could be as much as 250 USD tCO2e–1). In addition to cost, other economic barriers may prevent implementation; for example, agroforestry is a low-cost option (Smith et al. 2014), but lack of reliable financial support could be a barrier (Hernandez- Morcillo et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r890|890]]</sup> ). Additionally, there are a number of reasons why even no-cost options are not adopted, including risk aversion, lack of information, market structure, externalities, and policies (Jaffe 2019 <sup>[[#fn:r891|891]]</sup> ).

Some of the response options have technological barriers that may limit their wide-scale application in the near term. For example, BECCS has only been implemented at small-scale demonstration facilities (Kemper 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r892|892]]</sup> ); challenges exist with upscaling these options to the levels discussed in this chapter.

Many response options have institutional and socio-cultural barriers. Institutional barriers include governance, financial incentives and financial resources. For example, the management of supply chains includes challenges related to political will within trade regimes, economic laissez-faire policies that discourage interventions in markets, and the difficulties of coordination across economic sectors (Poulton et al. 2006 <sup>[[#fn:r893|893]]</sup> ; Cohen et al. 2009 <sup>[[#fn:r894|894]]</sup> ; Gilbert 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r895|895]]</sup> ). Implementation of other options, for example, BECCS, is limited by the absence of financial incentives.

Options like dietary change face socio-cultural barriers; while diets have changed in the past, they are deeply culturally embedded and behaviour change is extremely difficult to effect, even when health benefits are well known (Macdiarmid et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r896|896]]</sup> ). For some options, the specific barrier is dependent on the region. For example, barriers to reducing food waste in industrialised countries include inconvenience, lack of financial incentives, lack of public awareness, and low prioritisation (Kummu et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r897|897]]</sup> ; Graham-Rowe et al. 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r898|898]]</sup> ). Barriers in developing countries include reliability of transportation networks, market reliability, education, technology, capacity, and infrastructure (Kummu et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r899|899]]</sup> ).

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<span id="table-6.62"></span>
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'''Table 6.62'''

<span id="feasibility-of-land-management-response-options-in-agriculture-considering-cost-technological-institutional-socio-cultural-and-environmental-and-geophysical-barriers-and-saturation-and-reversibility.-see-also-appendix."></span>
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'''Feasibility of land management response options in agriculture, considering cost, technological, institutional, socio-cultural and environmental and geophysical barriers and saturation and reversibility. See also Appendix.'''
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[[File:a33dcde1d3884246f40fdfc0daf96b64 table-6.62a.png]] [[File:fe4382007c3d30f9266c620cedffad21 table-6.62b.png]]

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<span id="table-6.63"></span>
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'''Table 6.63'''

<span id="feasibility-of-land-management-response-options-in-forests-considering-cost-technological-institutional-socio-cultural-and-environmental-and-geophysical-barriers-and-saturation-and-reversibility.-see-also-appendix."></span>
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'''Feasibility of land management response options in forests, considering cost, technological, institutional, socio-cultural and environmental and geophysical barriers and saturation and reversibility. See also Appendix.'''
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[[File:8fde9da774077b0bee28df0a23f102d5 table-6.63.png]]

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<span id="table-6.64"></span>
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'''Table 6.64'''

<span id="feasibility-of-land-management-response-options-for-soils-considering-cost-technological-institutional-socio-cultural-and-environmental-and-geophysical-barriers-and-saturation-and-reversibility.-see-also-appendix."></span>
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'''Feasibility of land management response options for soils, considering cost, technological, institutional, socio-cultural and environmental and geophysical barriers and saturation and reversibility. See also Appendix.'''
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[[File:d9c878e7dd9c4d40e9f6a6608a4819d3 table-6.64.png]]

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<span id="table-6.65"></span>
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'''Table 6.65'''

<span id="feasibility-of-land-management-response-options-in-anyother-ecosystems-considering-cost-technological-institutional-socio-cultural-and-environmental-and-geophysical-barriers-and-saturation-and-reversibility.-see-also-appendix."></span>
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'''Feasibility of land management response options in any/other ecosystems, considering cost, technological, institutional, socio-cultural and environmental and geophysical barriers and saturation and reversibility. See also Appendix.'''
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[[File:2fa6022981bb76694f3d80f029954443 table-6.65a.png]] [[File:83ee732e289edcf4b5cfcb8bac9d2ecc table-6.65b.png]]

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<span id="table-6.66"></span>
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'''Table 6.66'''

<span id="feasibility-of-land-management-response-options-specifically-for-carbon-dioxide-removal-cdr-considering-cost-technological-institutional-socio-cultural-and-environmental-and-geophysical-barriers-and-saturation-and-reversibility.-see-also-appendix."></span>
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'''Feasibility of land management response options specifically for carbon dioxide removal (CDR), considering cost, technological, institutional, socio-cultural and environmental and geophysical barriers and saturation and reversibility. See also Appendix.'''
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[[File:8066aa4ddb2e48e0144acdca808916dd table-6.66.png]]

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<span id="table-6.67"></span>
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'''Table 6.67'''

<span id="feasibility-of-demand-management-response-options-considering-economic-technological-institutional-socio-cultural-and-environmental-and-geophysical-barriers-and-saturation-and-reversibility.-see-also-appendix."></span>
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'''Feasibility of demand management response options, considering economic, technological, institutional, socio-cultural and environmental and geophysical barriers and saturation and reversibility. See also Appendix.'''
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[[File:16314feeacb59ab5a7dff18bd3d60bea table-6.67.png]]

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<span id="table-6.68"></span>
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'''Table 6.68'''

<span id="feasibility-of-supply-management-response-options-considering-cost-technological-institutional-socio-cultural-and-environmental-and-geophysical-barriers-and-saturation-and-reversibility.-see-also-appendix."></span>
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'''Feasibility of supply management response options, considering cost, technological, institutional, socio-cultural and environmental and geophysical barriers and saturation and reversibility. See also Appendix.'''
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[[File:50776cd52ec131a2aaa3a3b4ee07fa16 table-6.68.png]]

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<span id="table-6.69"></span>
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'''Table 6.69'''

<span id="feasibility-of-risk-management-response-options-considering-cost-technological-institutional-socio-cultural-and-environmental-and-geophysical-barriers-and-saturation-and-reversibility.-see-also-appendix."></span>
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'''Feasibility of risk management response options, considering cost, technological, institutional, socio-cultural and environmental and geophysical barriers and saturation and reversibility. See also Appendix.'''
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[[File:65dfc150b7b058a6cbdf93d00ac5fcc5 table-6.69.png]]

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<span id="sensitivity-of-the-integrated-response-options-to-climate-change-impacts"></span>