Editing IPCC:AR6/SROCC/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.4.1.3 Supporting Services ====

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Supporting ecosystem services are structures and processes, such as habitats, biodiversity and productivity, that maintain the ecosystem functions that deliver other services (Costanza et al., 2017). Marine supporting services include: primary and secondary production; habitat provision for feeding, spawning or nursery grounds, and refugia; and biodiversity. All these provide essential support for provisioning, regulating or cultural services (Haines-Young and Potschin, 2013; Bopp et al., 2017). Therefore, climate change impacts on supporting services provided by marine ecosystems are directly dependent on the risks and impacts on their biodiversity and ecosystem functions, which are assessed in Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4 and 5.3. Previously, AR5 highlighted the importance of the potential loss or degradation of habitat forming calcifying algae and corals, and the projected changes in waterways for Arctic shipping (Pörtner et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1327|1327]]</sup> ). The latter topic is considered in Chapter 3 and Section 5.4.2.4.

Publications since AR5 provide further evidence that coastal habitats are at risk from SLR, warming and other climate-related hazards (see Section 5.3). All these changes to supporting services have implications for other ecosystem services (Costanza et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1329|1329]]</sup> ), such as altering fish catches and their composition (Pratchett et al., 2014 <sup>[[#fn:r1330|1330]]</sup> ; Carrasquilla-Henao and Juanes, 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r1331|1331]]</sup> ; Maharaj et al., 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r1332|1332]]</sup> ) (Section 5.4.1.1) and carbon sequestration (Section 5.4.1.2). In the epipelagic ocean, climate change affects the pattern and magnitude of global NPP (Section 5.2.2.6) and the export of organic matter; both these processes support ecosystem services in the deep ocean (Section 5.2.4) and elsewhere. Projected ocean acidification and oxygen loss will also affect deep ocean biodiversity and habitats that are linked to provisioning services in the deep ocean (Section 5.2.3.2, 5.2.4). Overall, there is ''high confidence'' that marine habitat loss and degradation have already impacted supporting services from many marine ecosystems worldwide. The confidence on the attribution of those impacts to climate change depends on the assessment of the ocean and coastal ecosystems (Section 5.2.3, 5.2.4, 5.3). Projected climate-driven alterations of marine habitats will increase the future risks of impacts on supporting services ( ''high confidence'' ).

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