Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-9 (section)

===== 9.5.3.1.1 Observations =====

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Observed mean annual and seasonal temperatures have increased 1–3°C since the mid-1970s with the highest increases in the Sahara and Sahel (Figures 9.13a; [[#Cook--2015|Cook and Vizy, 2015]] ; [[#Lelieveld--2016|Lelieveld et al., 2016]] ; [[#Dosio--2017|Dosio, 2017]] ; [[#Nikiema--2017|Nikiema et al., 2017]] ; [[#Gutiérrez--2021|Gutiérrez et al., 2021]] ; [[#Ranasinghe--2021|Ranasinghe et al., 2021]] ) and positive trends in mean annual maximum (TX) and minimum (TN) of 0.16°C and 0.28°C per decade, respectively ( [[#Mouhamed--2013|Mouhamed et al., 2013]] ; [[#Moron--2016|Moron et al., 2016]] ; [[#Russo--2016|Russo et al., 2016]] ; [[#Barry--2018|Barry et al., 2018]] ). The frequency of very hot days (TX &gt; 35°C) and tropical nights has increased by 1–9 days and 4–13 nights per decade between 1961–2014 (Moron et al 2016), and cold nights have become less frequent ( [[#Fontaine--2013|Fontaine et al., 2013]] ; [[#Mouhamed--2013|Mouhamed et al., 2013]] ; [[#Barry--2018|Barry et al., 2018]] ). In the 21st century, heatwaves have become hotter, longer and more extended compared to the last two decades of the 20th century ( [[#Mouhamed--2013|Mouhamed et al., 2013]] ; [[#Moron--2016|Moron et al., 2016]] ; [[#Russo--2016|Russo et al., 2016]] ; [[#Barbier--2018|Barbier et al., 2018]] ).

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