Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-13 (section)

=== 13.5.3 Knowledge Gaps ===

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Aggregated projections of impacts, especially of combined hazards, are still rare despite many physiological papers on species-specific responses to warming in all food sectors ( ''high confidence'' ). This is specifically true for scenarios that consider land-use change and population growth, although Agri SSPs are currently being developed ( [[#Mitter--2019|Mitter et al., 2019]] ). Effectiveness of adaptation options is predominantly qualitatively mentioned but not assessed, and the effectiveness of combinations of measures is rarely assessed ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Ewert--2015|Ewert et al., 2015]] ; [[#Holman--2018|Holman et al., 2018]] ; [[#Müller--2020|Müller et al., 2020]] ). Effective adaptation planning would be supported by better modelling and scenario development including improved coupled nature–human interactions (e.g., with more realistic representation of behaviours beyond economic rationality and ‘bottom-up’ autonomous farmer adaptations) as well as greater stakeholder involvement.

Coverage of impacts and adaptation options in Europe are biased towards the EU-28 and have gaps within the eastern part of WCE and EEU, despite dramatic changes in land use over recent decades in Russia and Ukraine ( ''high confidence'' ) which have the potential to increase production and export of agricultural products, especially wheat, meat and milk ( [[#Swinnen--2017|Swinnen et al., 2017]] ).

A bias towards modelling of cereals, specifically wheat and maize, results in gaps in knowledge for fruit and vegetables, especially for temperate regions in Europe ( [[#Bisbis--2019|Bisbis et al., 2019]] ). The assessment of irrigation needs and the impact of CO 2 and O 3 tend to focus on individual species and processes hindering upscaling to multiple stressors and mixed production ( ''high confidence'' ) ( [[#Challinor--2016|]] [[#Challinor--2016|Challinor et al., 2016]] ; [[#Webber--2016|Webber et al., 2016]] ).

There is a lack of actionable adaptation strategies for European fisheries and aquaculture. Knowledge gaps include adaptive capacities of local fishing communities to a new mix of target species and consumer acceptance of the product. Increased knowledge on the effects on freshwater fisheries and their resources is also needed.

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