Editing IPCC:AR6/SYR/SPM (section)

=== Observed Changes and Impacts ===

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'''A.2 Widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred. Human-caused climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe. This has led to widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages to nature and people '''''(high confidence)''''' . Vulnerable communities who have historically contributed the least to current climate change are disproportionately affected '''''(high confidence)''''' . [[#figure-spm-1|Figure SPM.1]] Links to longer report 2.1, Table 2.1, Figures 2.2 and 2.3'''
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A.2.1 It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. Global mean sea level increased by 0.20 [0.15 to 0.25] m between 1901 and 2018. The average rate of sea level rise was 1.3 [0.6 to 2.1] mm yr -1 between 1901 and 1971, increasing to 1.9 [0.8 to 2.9] mm yr -1 between 1971 and 2006, and further increasing to 3.7 [3.2 to 4.2] mm yr -1 between 2006 and 2018 ''(high confidence)'' . Human influence was ''very likely'' the main driver of these increases since at least 1971. Evidence of observed changes in extremes such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and tropical cyclones, and, in particular, their attribution to human influence, has further strengthened since AR5. Human influence has ''likely'' increased the chance of compound extreme events since the 1950s, including increases in the frequency of concurrent heatwaves and droughts ''(high confidence)'' . [[#figure-spm-1|Figure SPM.1]] Links to longer report 2.1.2, Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4

A.2.2 Approximately 3.3 to 3.6 billion people live in contexts that are highly vulnerable to climate change. Human and ecosystem vulnerability are interdependent. Regions and people with considerable development constraints have high vulnerability to climatic hazards. Increasing weather and climate extreme events have exposed millions of people to acute food insecurity [[#footnote-045|12]] and reduced water security, with the largest adverse impacts observed in many locations and/or communities in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, LDCs, Small Islands and the Arctic, and globally for Indigenous Peoples, small-scale food producers and low-income households. Between 2010 and 2020, human mortality from floods, droughts and storms was 15 times higher in highly vulnerable regions, compared to regions with very low vulnerability. ''(high confidence)'' [[#figure-spm-1|Figure SPM.1]] Links to longer report 2.1.2, 4.4

A.2.3 Climate change has caused substantial damages, and increasingly irreversible losses, in terrestrial, freshwater, cryospheric, and coastal and open ocean ecosystems ''(high confidence)'' . Hundreds of local losses of species have been driven by increases in the magnitude of heat extremes ''(high confidence)'' with mass mortality events recorded on land and in the ocean ''(very high confidence)'' . Impacts on some ecosystems are approaching irreversibility such as the impacts of hydrological changes resulting from the retreat of glaciers, or the changes in some mountain ''(medium confidence)'' and Arctic ecosystems driven by permafrost thaw ''(high confidence)'' . ''[[#figure-spm-1|Figure SPM.1]] Links to longer report 2.1.2, Figure 2.3''

A.2.4 Climate change has reduced food security and affected water security, hindering efforts to meet Sustainable Development Goals ''(high confidence)'' . Although overall agricultural productivity has increased, climate change has slowed this growth over the past 50 years globally ''(medium confidence)'' , with related negative impacts mainly in mid- and low latitude regions but positive impacts in some high latitude regions ''(high confidence)'' . Ocean warming and ocean acidification have adversely affected food production from fisheries and shellfish aquaculture in some oceanic regions ''(high confidence)'' . Roughly half of the world’s population currently experience severe water scarcity for at least part of the year due to a combination of climatic and non-climatic drivers ''(medium confidence)'' . ''[[#figure-spm-1|Figure SPM.1]] Links to longer report 2.1.2, Figure 2.3''

A.2.5 In all regions increases in extreme heat events have resulted in human mortality and morbidity ''(very high confidence)'' . The occurrence of climate-related food-borne and water-borne diseases ''(very high confidence)'' and the incidence of vector-borne diseases ''(high confidence)'' have increased. In assessed regions, some mental health challenges are associated with increasing temperatures ''(high confidence)'' , trauma from extreme events ''(very high confidence)'' , and loss of livelihoods and culture ''(high confidence)'' . Climate and weather extremes are increasingly driving displacement in Africa, Asia, North America ''(high confidence)'' , and Central and South America ''(medium confidence)'' , with small island states in the Caribbean and South Pacific being disproportionately affected relative to their small population size ''(high confidence)'' . [[#figure-spm-1|Figure SPM.1]] Links to longer report 2.1.2, Figure 2.3

A.2.6 Climate change has caused widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages [[#footnote-044|13]] to nature and people that are unequally distributed across systems, regions and sectors. Economic damages from climate change have been detected in climate-exposed sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, fishery, energy, and tourism. Individual livelihoods have been affected through, for example, destruction of homes and infrastructure, and loss of property and income, human health and food security, with adverse effects on gender and social equity. ''(high confidence)'' [[#figure-spm-1|Figure SPM.1]] Links to longer report 2.1.2

A.2.7 In urban areas, observed climate change has caused adverse impacts on human health, livelihoods and key infrastructure. Hot extremes have intensified in cities. Urban infrastructure, including transportation, water, sanitation and energy systems have been compromised by extreme and slow-onset events [[#footnote-043|14]] , with resulting economic losses, disruptions of services and negative impacts to well-being. Observed adverse impacts are concentrated amongst economically and socially marginalised urban residents. ''(high confidence)'' Links to longer report 2.1.2

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[[File:5c0874c0425ff0885d919e5b221b3c88 IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM_Figure1.png]]
'''Figure SPM.1: (a)''' Climate change has already caused widespread impacts and related losses and damages on human systems and altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems worldwide. Physical water availability includes balance of water available from various sources including ground water, water quality and demand for water. Global mental health and displacement assessments reflect only assessed regions. Confidence levels reflect the assessment of attribution of the observed impact to climate change. '''(b)''' Observed impacts are connected to physical climate changes including many that have been attributed to human influence such as the selected climatic impact-drivers shown. Confidence and likelihood levels reflect the assessment of attribution of the observed climatic impact-driver to human influence. '''(c)''' Observed (1900-2020) and projected (2021-2100) changes in global surface temperature (relative to 1850-1900), which are linked to changes in climate conditions and impacts, illustrate how the climate has already changed and will change along the lifespan of three representative generations (born in 1950, 1980 and 2020). Future projections (2021-2100) of changes in global surface temperature are shown for very low (SSP1-1.9), low (SSP1-2.6), intermediate (SSP2-4.5), high (SSP3-7.0) and very high (SSP5-8.5) GHG emissions scenarios. Changes in annual global surface temperatures are presented as ‘climate stripes’, with future projections showing the human-caused long-term trends and continuing modulation by natural variability (represented here using observed levels of past natural variability). Colours on the generational icons correspond to the global surface temperature stripes for each year, with segments on future icons differentiating possible future experiences. [[#box-spm-1|Box SPM.1]] Links to longer report 2.1, 2.1.2, Figure 2.1, Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Cross-Section Box.2, 3.1, Figure 3.3, 4.1, 4.3

Challenges" class="h2-container">

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