Editing IPCC:AR6/WGI/Chapter-10 (section)

=== Urban Climate ===

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'''Many types of urban parametrizations simulate radiation and energy exchanges in a realistic way''' ( ''very high confidence'' ''').''' For urban climate studies focusing on the interplay between the urban heat island and regional climate change, a simple single-layer parametrization is fit for purpose ( ''medium confidenc'' e). New networks of monitoring stations in urban areas provide key information to enhance the understanding of urban microclimates and improve urban parametrizations. {Box 10.3}

'''The difference in observed warming trends between cities and their surroundings can partly be attributed to urbanization''' ( ''very high confidence'' ''').''' Annual mean daily minimum temperature is more affected by urbanization than annual mean daily maximum temperature ( ''very high confidence'' ). The global annual mean surface air temperature response to urbanization is, however, negligible ( ''very high confidence'' ) ''.'' {Box 10.3}

'''Future urbanization will amplify the projected air temperature change in cities regardless of the characteristics of the background climate, resulting in a warming signal on minimum temperatures that could be as large as the global warming signal''' ( ''very high confidence'' ''').''' A large effect is expected from the combination of future urban development and more frequent occurrence of extreme climatic events, such as heatwaves ( ''very high confidence'' ). {Box 10.3}

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