Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-14 (section)

=== 14.1.2 Developments Since the Fifth Assessment Report ===

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==== 14.1.2.1 Negotiation of the Paris Agreement ====

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The key development since AR5 has been the negotiation and adoption of the Paris Agreement, which, building on the UNFCCC, introduces a new approach to global climate governance. This new approach, as discussed below ( [[#14.3.1.1|Section 14.3.1.1]] ), is driven by the need to engage developing countries in emissions reductions beyond those they had taken on voluntarily under the Cancun Agreements, extend mitigation commitments to those developed countries that had rejected or withdrawn from the Kyoto Protocol, and to respond to the rapidly changing geopolitical context ( [[#14.3.1.2|Section 14.3.1.2]] ).

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==== 14.1.2.2 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals ====

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It has long been clear that a failure to mitigate climate change would exacerbate existing poverty, accentuate vulnerability and worsen inequality (Denton at al. 2014), but there is an emerging attempt to harmonise mitigation actions with those oriented towards social and economic development. A key development since AR5 is the adoption in 2015 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which contains 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This Agenda offers an aspirational narrative, coherent framework and actionable agenda for addressing diverse issues of development through goals that balance the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development as well as issues of governance and institutions ( [[#ICSU%20ISSC--2015|ICSU ISSC 2015]] ). Scholars have noted that these dimensions of sustainable development are inter-dependent ( [[#Nilsson--2016|Nilsson et al. 2016]] ), and, as such it is difficult if not impossible to achieve economic and social gains while neglecting environmental concerns, including climate change ( [[#Le%20Blanc--2015|Le Blanc 2015]] ). The SDGs are closely linked to the Paris Agreement, adopted a few weeks later. There is a growing body of literature that examines the interlinkages between SDGs, including SDG 13 (taking urgent action to combat climate change) and others, concluding that without a proper response to climate change, success in many of the other SDGs would be difficult if not impossible ( [[#ICSU%20ISSC--2015|ICSU ISSC 2015]] ; [[#Le%20Blanc--2015|Le Blanc 2015]] ; [[#Nilsson--2016|Nilsson et al. 2016]] ; [[#Weitz--2018|Weitz et al. 2018]] ). Likewise, failure to achieve the SDGs will have a detrimental effect on the ability to limit climate change to manageable levels. Initiatives such as The World in 2050 ( [[#TWI2050--2018|TWI2050 2018]] ), a large research initiative by a global consortium of research and policy institutions, work on the premise that pursuing climate action and sustainable development in an integrated and coherent way, based on a sound understanding of development pathways and dynamics, is the strongest approach to enable countries to achieve their objectives in both agreements.

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==== 14.1.2.3 IPCC Special Reports ====

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Further key developments since AR5 include the release of three IPCC special reports. The first of these assessed the differential impacts of limiting climate change to 1.5°C global average warming compared to 2°C warming, indicated the emissions reductions and enabling conditions necessary to stay within this limit ( [[#IPCC--2018a|IPCC 2018a]] ). While the events that have unfolded since the report are not yet comprehensively documented in literature, arguably the report has led to a renewed perception of the urgency of climate mitigation ( [[#Wolf--2019|Wolf et al. 2019]] ). In particular, the report appears to have crystalised media coverage in some parts of the world around a need to reduce emissions to net zero by 2050 (whether of GHGs or CO 2 ), rather than delaying such reductions until the latter half of the century, as had been previously understood and indicated in the Paris Agreement. Its release is hence one factor explaining the rise in transnational climate mobilisation efforts ( [[#Boykoff--2019|Boykoff and Pearman 2019]] ). It has also played a role, in addition to the Paris Agreement ( [[#Geden--2016a|Geden 2016a]] ), in the numerous announcements, pledges and indications by governments, including by all G7 countries, of their adoption of net zero GHG targets for 2050. The other two special reports focused on ocean and the cryosphere ( [[#IPCC--2019a|IPCC 2019a]] ), and the potential of land-related responses to contribute to adaptation and mitigation ( [[#IPCC--2019b|IPCC 2019b]] ). There has been no literature directly tying the publication of these latter two reports to changes in international cooperation. However, the 25th UNFCCC Conference of Parties in Madrid in 2019 convened a dialogue on ocean and climate change to consider how to strengthen mitigation and adaptation action in this context ( [[#UNFCCC--2019a|UNFCCC 2019a]] , para. 31).

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