Editing IPCC:AR6/SRCCL/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.3.5.2 National policies ====

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The successful development of food systems under climate change conditions requires a national-level management that involves the cooperation of a number of institutions and governance entities to enable more sustainable and beneficial production and consumption practices.

For example, Nepal has developed a novel multi-level institutional partnership, under the Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA), which is an institutional innovation that aims to better integrate local adaptation planning processes and institutions into national adaptation processes. That includes collaboration with farmers and other non-governmental organisations (Chhetri et al. 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r636|636]]</sup> ). By combining conventional technological innovation process with the tacit knowledge of farmers, this new alliance has been instrumental in the innovation of location-specific technologies thereby facilitating the adoption of technologies in a more efficient manner.

National Adaptation Planning of Indonesia was officially launched in 2014 and was an important basis for ministries and local governments to mainstream climate change adaptation into their respective sectoral and local development plans (Kawanishi et al. 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r637|637]]</sup> ). Crop land-use policy – to switch from crops that are highly impacted by climate change to those that are less vulnerable – were suggested for improving climate change adaptation policy processes and outcomes in Nepal (Chalise and Naranpanawa 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r638|638]]</sup> ).

Enhancement of representation, democratic and inclusive governance, as well as equity and fairness for improving climate change adaptation policy processes and outcomes in Nepal were also suggested as institutional measures by Ojha et al. (2015) <sup>[[#fn:r639|639]]</sup> . Further, food, nutrition, and health policy adaptation options such as social safety nets and social protection have been implemented in India, Pakistan, Middle East and North Africa (Devereux 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r640|640]]</sup> ; Mumtaz and Whiteford 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r641|641]]</sup> ; Narayanan and Gerber 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r642|642]]</sup> ).

Financial incentives policies at the national scale used as adaptation options include taxes and subsidies; index-based weather insurance schemes; and catastrophe bonds (Zilberman et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r643|643]]</sup> ; Linnerooth-Bayer and Hochrainer-Stigler 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r644|644]]</sup> ; Ruiter et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r645|645]]</sup> and Campillo et al. 2017). Microfinance, disaster contingency funds, and cash transfers are other mechanisms (Ozaki 2016 <sup>[[#fn:r645|645]]</sup> and Kabir et al. 2016[reference number=1439).

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