Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-18 (section)

=== 18.5.2 Sectoral Synthesis of Climate Resilient Development ===

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The sectoral chapters of the WGII report provide insights regarding how development processes interact with sectors to shape the potential for CRD. Similar to global regions, each sector is associated with various challenges, opportunities and options that enable or constrain CRD (Table 18.7). A number of challenges are common across sectors and mirror those associated with different regions. For example, issues associated with natural resource dependency, access to information for decision making, access to human and financial capital, and path dependence of institutions represent barriers that must be overcome if sectors are to support transitions that enable CRD. These challenges are more acute within vulnerable communities or nations where capacity to innovate and invest are constrained and social inequities reinforce the status quo ( ''very high confidence'' ). At the same time, a number of sector-specific opportunities for mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development can be used to integrate sectors into CRDPs. This could include policies and planning initiatives to enhance sector sustainability and resilience, as well as capacity building and greater inclusion of different actors and groups in decision making including capitalising on local and Indigenous knowledge as a mechanism for more representative and equitable action.

In addition, the sectoral assessments identify a broad range of specific adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development options that could play a role in facilitating CRD. Many of these options appear initially to be specific to a given sector. For example, options for the water sector (Chapter 4) are assessed independently from those for health and well-being (Chapter 7). In practice, however, evidence suggests the importance of thinking about sectoral options as cross-cutting, mutually supportive and synergistic packages rather than singular options. First, each of the sectoral chapters has links to multiple SDGs (Table 18.7), implying each sector is important for achieving a range of sustainability goals that extend beyond sectoral boundaries. Moreover, progress across multiple sectors simultaneously creates opportunities for synergies for achieving the SDGs, but also enhances the risk of potential trade-offs ( ''very high confidence'' ). Second, a number of options are common to multiple sectors. For example, options associated with ecosystem-based adaptation and nature-based approaches to environmental management appear in multiple sectors (Table 18.7). Similarly, climate-smart agriculture and agroecological approaches to food systems create opportunities for food security, but those same options also benefit land-based ecosystems, water, poverty and livelihoods, and human well-being.

'''Table 18.7 |''' Sectoral synthesis of dimensions of climate resilient development. For each sectoral chapter of the WGII report, this table identifies those SDGs that are discussed in the relevant chapter as being particularly relevant to the sector. In addition, the table contains evidence of sustainable development challenges and opportunities as well as adaptation/sustainable development options and potential synergies and trade-offs associated with their implementation. Synergies and trade-offs are categorised as follows: (T) Trade-off among policies and practices; (S+) Synergy among policies and practices that enhances sustainability; (S-) Synergy among policies and practices that undermines sustainability.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''''Sector'''''

! '''''Relevant SDGs'''''

! '''''Challenges'''''

! '''''Opportunities'''''

! '''''Options'''''

! '''''Trade-offs'''''

|-
| '''Terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and their services'''

| SDG 1, SDG 2, SDG 3, SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 9, SDG 10, SDG 11, SDG 12, SDG 13, SDG 15, SDG 17

| * Low capacity for dispersal limits range shifts to match climate ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-2#2.6.1|Section 2.6.1]] )
* Constraints on the evolution of greater stress tolerance among species (Sections 2.4.2, 2.6.1)
* Altered peatland drainage and repeated disturbances pose barriers to restoration of tropical peatlands ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-2#2.4.3|Section 2.4.3]] )
* Demonstrating the efficacy of natural flood management efforts poses challenges to its deployment ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-2#2.6.5|Section 2.6.5]] )
* Uncertainties in climate and socioeconomic projections constrain adaptation planning and implementation ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-2#2.7|Section 2.7]] )

| * Nature-based solutions offer the opportunity to address climate change and biodiversity problems in an integrated way (Section 2.6)
* Adaptation can be integrated with the protection of biodiversity and land-based climate change mitigation initiatives ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-2#2.6.2|Section 2.6.2]] )

| * Habitat restoration, connectivity and creation of protected areas (Table 2.5)
* Integrated landscape management (Table Cross-Chapter Box NATURAL.1 in Chapter 2)
* Community-based natural resource management ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-2#2.6.5.7|Section 2.6.5.7]] )
* Maintain or restore natural species and structural diversity (Table Cross-Chapter Box NATURAL.1 in Chapter 2)
* Restoration of hydrological flows and catchment vegetation (Table Cross-Chapter Box NATURAL.1 in Chapter 2)
* Control of feral herbivores Table Cross-Chapter Box NATURAL.1 in Chapter 2)
* Reduce non-climatic stressors to land-based ecosystems (Table 2.6)

| * (S+) ecosystem-based adaptation measures, such as restoration of forests and wetlands for flood and erosion control help maintain freshwater supply and quality ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-2#2.2|Section 2.2.2]] )
* (S-) over grazing/stocking of pastures and grasslands can result in soil erosion and the loss of biodiversity (Table Cross-Chapter BoxNATURAL1 in Chapter 2)
* (T) planting non-native monocultures for mitigation can reduce biodiversity and resilience
* (T) inappropriate hydrological restoration can result in increased methane emissions (Table Cross-Chapter Box NATURAL1 in Chapter 2)
* (T) afforestation/reforestation and bioenergy initiatives can conflict with other land uses such as food and timber production (Table Cross-Chapter Box BECCS, [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-2#2.2|Section 2.2.2]] , Box 2.2)

|-
| '''Ocean and coastal ecosystems and their services'''

| SDG 1, SDG 2, SDG 3, SDG 5, SDG 7, SDG 8, SDG 9, SDG 10, SDG 11, SDG 12, SDG 13, SDG 14

| * Shifts in the distribution of fish species across exclusive economic zones present governance, ecological and conservation challenges ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.4.3|Section 3.4.3]] )
* Resource constraints impede the implementation of ecosystem-based and community-based adaptation for low- to middle-income nations ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.2|Section 3.6.2]] )
* Governance in marine social-ecological systems is highly complex with poorly defined legal frameworks ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.2|Section 3.6.2]] )
* ‘Coastal squeeze’ challenges adaptation, creating tensions between coastal development and coastal habitat management ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3]] )

| * Development assistance can help address resource constraints associated with marine ecosystem management ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3]] )
* Improving coordination among actors and projects will contribute to achieving SDGs ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3]] )
* Private finance can support restoration of blue carbon systems ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3]] )
* Joint implementation of coastal and marine management initiatives can address governance challenges across scales and sectors ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3]] )
* Ocean-based renewable energy options can reduce reliance on imported fuel ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3]] )

| * Maritime spatial planning and integrated coastal management ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.2|Section 3.6.2]] ; Figure 3.2.6)
* Adaptive and sustainable fisheries management ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.2|Section 3.6.2]] )
* Habitat restoration ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.2|Section 3.6.2]] )
* fishery mobility (Figure 3.6.2)
* Assisted evolution (Figure 3.2.6)
* Increase participation in management and governance (Figure 3.2.6)
* Nature-based solutions ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.2|Section 3.6.2]] )
* Hard and soft infrastructure (Figure 3.2.6)
* Livelihood diversification (Figure 3.6.2)
* Disaster mitigation and response (Figure 3.2.6)
* Finance and market mechanisms (Figure 3.2.6)

| * (S+) adaptation in ocean and coastal systems can be designed in ways that substantially contribute to the SDGs and not only support but allow the attainment of social, environmental and economic targets ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.4|Section 3.6.4]] )
* (S+) blue/green economies can reduce emissions and finance adaptation pathways ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.3|Section 3.6.3]] )
* (T) built infrastructure conflicts with mitigation goals and can create potential ecological, social and cultural impacts that undermine ecosystem health ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-3#3.6.2|Section 3.6.2]] )

|-
| '''Water'''

| SDG 1, SDG 2, SDG 3, SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 10, SDG 11, SDG 13

| * Uncertainty in future water availability (Box 4.1, Box 4.4)
* Lack of sufficient data, information and knowledge in understanding the water–energy–food nexus (Box 4.6)
* Increasing urbanisation is creating new and difficult demands for urban water management. ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.3.4|Section 4.3.4]] )
* Barriers to adapting water-dependent livelihoods in rural communities ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.3.1|Section 4.3.1]] )
* Mainstreaming water management across sectors and enhancing finance for adaptation ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.3.5|Section 4.3.5]] )
* Path-dependency of institutions, (and contingencies on decision-making processes ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5.3|Section 4.5.3]] )

| * A resilient circular economy delivers access to water, sanitation, wastewater and ecological flows (Box 4.7)
* Adaptive sanitation systems and sustainable urban drainage contribute to a ‘one health approach’ which can prevent water and sanitation contamination risks during floods and droughts. (Box 4.7)
* Climate-proof infrastructure would reduce infection risks in flood-prone areas (Box 4.7)
* Governance can derive legitimacy from inclusion of multiple stakeholders, including women, Indigenous communities and young people ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.6.6|Section 4.6.6]] )
* Indigenous and local knowledge can help ensure solutions align with the interests of communities (FAQ 4.5)

| * Changes in crop cultivars and agronomic practices ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Changes in irrigation and water management practices ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Water and soil conservation ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Migration and off-farm livelihood diversification ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Collective action, policies and institutions ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Economic and financial incentives ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Training and capacity building ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Flood risk reduction measures ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Urban water management ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Water, sanitation and hygiene adaptations ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Agro-forestry and forestry responses ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Livestock and fishery responses ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Indigenous and local knowledge ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )
* Energy-related adaptations ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5|Section 4.5]] )

| * (S+) increasing the proportion of sewerage, treated wastewater, recycling and safe reuse would help reach climate and water targets (Box 4.7)
* (S+) solar irrigation pumps provide for income diversification for small and marginal farmers while also generating renewable energy (Box 4.7)
* (T) desalination of seawater or brackish inland water is energy intensive, with high salinity brine and other contaminants ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5.5|Section 4.5.5]] )
* (T) negative-emission technologies, such as direct air capture can result in a net increase in water consumption ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-4#4.5.5|Section 4.5.5]] )

|-
| '''Food, fibre, and other ecosystem products'''

| SDG 1, SDG 2, SDG 3, SDG 4, SDG 5, SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 9, SDG 9, SDG 10, SDG 11, SDG 12, SDG 13, SDG 14, SDG 15, SDG 16

| * Increased cost and management challenges of providing safe food ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.2.2|Section 5.2.2]] )
* Warming-induced shifts of species create resource allocation challenges among different fishing fleets ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.2.1|Section 5.2.1]] )
* Challenges related to REDD+ implementation and forest use ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.6.3|Section 5.6.3]] )
* Differences in perceptions about the validity of different forms of knowledge ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.8.4|Section 5.8.4]] )
* Inequality in access to climate services ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.1|Section 5.1]] 4.1)
* Lack of support, policies and incentives for the adoption of agro-ecological approaches (BIOECO.1)
* Financial barriers limit implementation of adaptation options in agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture and forestry ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.1|Section 5.1]] 4.3)

| * Integrated approaches to food, water, health, biodiversity and energy that involve vulnerable groups can help to address current and future food security challenges, reduce vulnerability of Indigenous People, small-scale landholders and pastoralists, and promote resilient ecosystems. (Sections 5.12.3, 5.13.2; 5.14)
* Agro-forestry delivers benefits for climate change mitigation, adaptation, desertification, land degradation and food security, and is considered to have broad adaptation and moderate mitigation potential ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.10.4|Section 5.10.4]] )
* Partnerships between key stakeholders such as researchers, forest managers, and local actors can lead to a shared understanding of climate-related challenges and more effective decisions. ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.6.3|Section 5.6.3]] )

| * Livelihood diversification ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.4.4|Section 5.4.4]] )
* Social protection policies and programmes ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.4.4|Section 5.4.4]] )
* Changes in crop management including irrigation, fertilizers, planting schedules and crop varieties ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.4.4.1|Section 5.4.4.1]] )
* Adjusting water management for forage production ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.5.4|Section 5.5.4]] )
* Rotational grazing of livestock ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.5.4|Section 5.5.4]] )
* Fire management to control woody thickening of grass ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.5.4|Section 5.5.4]] )
* Using more suitable livestock breeds or species ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.5.4|Section 5.5.4]] )
* Migratory pastoralist activities ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.5.4|Section 5.5.4]] )
* Monitor and manage the spread of pests, weeds, and diseases ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.5.4|Section 5.5.4]] )
* Nature- or ecosystem-based strategies ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5#5.12.5.2|Section 5.12.5.2]] )

| * (S+) agricultural production systems that integrate crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture can increase food production per unit of land, reduce climatic risk and reduce emissions ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-5|Chapter 5]] Executive Summary)
* (S+) integrated approaches to food, water, health, biodiversity and energy can help address current and future food security challenges, reduce vulnerability of Indigenous People, small-scale landholders and pastoralists, and promote resilient ecosystems (Sections 5.12.3, 5.13.2, 5.14)
* (T) growing biomass demand for producing sustainable bio products competes with food production, with potential effects on food prices and knock-on effects related to civil unrest (BIOECO.1)

|-
| '''Cities, settlements and key infrastructure'''

| SDG 11, SDG 13, SDG 17

| * Poor municipal funding, data collection and collaboration hinders sustainable development initiatives, capacity building and climate action (Sections 6.1.5, 6.4.5, 6.4.9)
* High urbanisation rates pose challenges to areas that already have high levels of poverty, unemployment, informality and housing and service backlogs ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.2.1|Section 6.2.1]] )
* Limited capacity for early warning systems in low-income countries ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.3.2|Section 6.3.2]] )
* Lack of administrative capacities, coordination across sectors and efforts, transparency and accountability slows sustainability transitions and disaster risk reduction (Case Study 6.4)

| * Urban ecological infrastructure including green, blue, turquoise and others can be a source of nature-based solutions that can improve both adaptation and mitigation in urban areas ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.1.2|Section 6.1.2]] )
* Transition architecture movements can drive urban adaptation ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.4.1|Section 6.4.1]] )
* Transformative capacities support adaptation efforts and systemic change processes ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.4.4|Section 6.4.4]] )
* Incorporating Indigenous and local knowledge help generate more people-oriented and place-specific adaptation policies ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.4.7|Section 6.4.7]] )
* Climate finance offers the opportunity to overcome structural impediments to climate action (Box 6.5)
* Urban ecological infrastructure can be a source of nature-based solutions that can improve both adaptation and mitigation in urban areas (Cross-Chapter Box URBAN in Chapter 6)
* High-density environments coupled with other design measures can provide mitigation and adaptation benefits (Cross-Chapter Box URBAN in Chapter 6)

| * Green infrastructure, sustainable land use and planning, and sustainable water management ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.1.2|Section 6.1.2]] )
* Nature-based solutions ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.3.3|Section 6.3.3]] )
* Insurance ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.3.2|Section 6.3.2]] )
* switching to air cooling for thermal power plants ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.3.4|Section 6.3.4]] )
* Increasing the efficiency of hydro- and thermoelectric power plants ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.3.4|Section 6.3.4]] )
* Changing reservoir operation rules ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.3.4|Section 6.3.4]] )
* Upgrading infrastructure and strengthening or relocating (critical) assets ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.3.4|Section 6.3.4]] )
* Including green, blue, turquoise and nature-based solutions (Cross-Chapter Box URBAN in Chapter 6)
* Cooling networks (Cross-Chapter Box URBAN in Chapter 6)
* Early warning systems (Table 6.4)
* Resource demand and supply side management strategies (Table 6.4)
* Enhanced monitoring of air quality in rapidly developing cities (Table 6.4)
* Investment in air pollution controls (Table 6.4)
* Core and shell preservation, elevation and relocation for heritage buildings ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-6#6.3.2|Section 6.3.2]] )

| * (S+) sustainable urban energy planning that includes opportunities to avoid and reduce the UHI effect can provide synergies for both climate mitigation and adaptation in urban areas (Cross-Chapter Box URBAN in Chapter 6)
* (S+) natural ventilation and passive energy strategies can capture synergies between climate mitigation and adaptation (Cross-Chapter Box URBAN in Chapter 6)
* (S+) community-based adaptation has potential to be better integrated to enhance well-being and create synergies with the Sustainable Development Goals
* (T) urban mitigation efforts can create trade-offs with adaptation such as intensifying the urban heat island (UHI) effect (Cross-Chapter Box URBAN in Chapter 6)
* (T) efforts aimed at increasing adaptation may undermine mitigation objectives by increasing investment in hard infrastructure that increases emissions (Cross-Chapter Box URBAN in Chapter 6)
* (T) lack of open and green spaces may induce long-distance leisure trips thereby increasing emissions (Cross-Chapter Box URBAN in Chapter 6)

|-
| '''Health, well-being and the changing structure of communities'''

| SDG 3, SDG 5, SDG 8, SDG 10, SDG 13

| * A lack of capacity for adaptation has resulted in only moderate or low levels of adaptation implementation across different countries ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-7#7.4.2|Section 7.4.2]] )
* Transitioning to renewable energy sources presents opportunities for realising health co-benefits ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-7#7.4.4|Section 7.4.4]] )
* Shifting to healthier plant-rich diets can reduce GHG emissions and reduce land use (Cross-Chapter Box HEALTH in Chapter 7)
* Future flows of migration within and between countries are likely to respond strongly to particular combinations of climatic hazards and may present challenges for future adaptation policies and programmes
* Climate change disruptions to natural environments can be expected to disrupt livelihood practices, stimulate higher rates of outmigration to urban centres, and in some instances necessitate planned or organised relocations of exposed settlements (Cross-Chapter Box MIGRATE in Chapter 7)

| * COVID-19 recovery investments offer an opportunity to contribute to climate resilient development through a green, resilient, healthy and inclusive recovery (Cross-Chapter Box COVID in Chapter 7)
* investing in basic infrastructure for all can transform development opportunities, increase adaptive capacity and reduce climate risk (Cross-Chapter Box HEALTH in Chapter 7)
* Integrated agroecological systems offer opportunities to increase dietary diversity while building local resilience to climate-related food insecurity ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-7#7.4.2|Section 7.4.2]] )
* Incorporating climate change and health considerations into disaster reduction and management strategies could potentially improve funding opportunities ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-7#7.4.2|Section 7.4.2]] )
* Adaptive urban design that provides access to healthy natural spaces can promote social cohesion and mitigate mental health challenges ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-7#7.4.2|Section 7.4.2]] )

| * Improved building and urban design including use of passive cooling systems (Table 7.2)
* Better access to public health systems for the most vulnerable (Table 7.2)
* Deployment of renewable energy sources (Table 7.2)
* Improved water, sanitation and hygiene conditions (Table 7.2)

Early warning system of vector-borne diseases, insecticide treated bed nets and indoor spraying of insecticide (Table 7.2)

* Targeted efforts to develop vaccines for infectious diseases exacerbated by climate change (Table 7.2)
* Improved personal drinking and eating habits (Table 7.2)
* Improved food storage, food processing and food preservation (Table 7.2)
* Emergency shelters for people to escape heat (Table 7.2)
* Improved funding and access to mental health care (Table 7.2)
* Improved education for girls and women (Table 7.2)
* Improved maternal and child health services (Table 7.2)

| * (T) energy strategies for energy efficiency and GHG emissions reductions can generate health co-benefits through improved air quality but may slow poverty reduction efforts (Sections 7.4.2, 7.4.5)
* (S+) investing in adaptation for health and community well-being has the potential to generate considerable co-benefits in terms of reducing impacts of non-climate health challenges
* (S+) investments in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions will not only reduce risks associated with dangerous climate change but will increase population health and well-being through a number of pathways. ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-7#7.4|Section 7.4]] )

|-
| '''Poverty, livelihoods and sustainable development'''

| SDG 1, SDG 2, SDG 3, SDG 5, SDG 10, SDG 14

| * Use of political frameworks for decision making that are unfavourable towards adaptation and system transitions (Table 8.4)
* Attitudes towards risk and other cultural values limit responses (Table 8.4)
* Psychological distress causes insecurity and behaviours that increase vulnerability (Table 8.4)
* Limited financial resources to support adaptation projects ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.2|Section 8.2.2]] , Table 8.4)
* Small-holder farmers have poor access to markets and land tenure ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Unsuitable infrastructure may increase exposure (Table 8.4)
* Lack of access to technologies that can support adaptation (Table 8.4)
* Gender-based inequalities constrain women’s access to resources for adaptation (Table 8.7)
* Poverty constrains livelihood diversification, resilience or adaptive capacity (Table 8.7)
* Indigenous Peoples and other populations with strong attachments to place face barriers to adaptation (Table 8.7)
* Local institutions face ongoing challenges in gaining support from higher governance levels, particularly in developing countries. ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.5.2|Section 8.5.2]] )

| * Polycentric governance, adaptive governance, multi-level governance, collaborative governance or network governance are increasingly used to understand transitions towards climate-compatible development ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.2|Section 8.6.2]] )
* Well coordinated and integrated nexus approaches to adaptation offer opportunities to build resilient systems while harmonising interventions, mitigating trade-offs and improving sustainability ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.2|Section 8.6.2]] )
* Income from new livelihood activities can support recovery following disasters linked to climate variability and change ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.4.5|Section 8.4.5]] )
* Improving industrial processes can contribute to the optimised use of energy, reuse of waste, reducing GHG emissions, use of biomass and more efficient equipment (Table 8.3)
* Industrialisation and technological innovation in rural areas may assist vulnerable communities through provision of resources, enhanced forecast information or reuse of biowaste (Table 8.3)
* Responses to climate change can create significant development opportunities including job creation and livelihood diversification ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.4.3|Section 8.4.3]] )

| * Expanded private sector activity and public–private partnerships ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Credit and insurance ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Use of climate-smart agricultural practices and technologies ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Crop insurance ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Conservation agriculture ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Changing farmers’ perception and enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* REDD+ ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* improving industrial processes (Table 8.3)
* Renewable energy and energy efficiency (Table 8.3)
* Smart electricity grids ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Green buildings ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Efficient fuels ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Pollution control investments ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Public transit and non-motorised transport with increased use of biofuels ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* Integrated natural resource management (Table 8.2)
* Disaster risk management (Table 8.2)
* Relocation of vulnerable communities (Table 8.2)
* Education and communication (Table 8.2)
* Land use planning (Table 8.3)

| * (S+) agriculture technologies facilitate mitigation to climate change and adaptation such as saving water while maintaining grain yield ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* (S+) sustainable pastoralism increases carbon sequestration but can also contribute to adaptation by changing grazing management, livestock breeds, pest management and production structures ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* (S+) REDD+ may provide adaptation benefits by enhancing households’ economic resilience through positive livelihood impacts ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* (S+) solar energy contributes to reducing GHG emissions and improving air quality ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* (S+) hydropower contributes to mitigation and adaptation through water resource availability for irrigation and drinking water ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* (S+) green roofed buildings contribute to cooler temperatures, thereby reducing energy use for air-conditioning ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* (T) mitigation measures such as bioenergy may result in trade-offs with efforts to achieve sustainable development, eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.6.1|Section 8.6.1]] )
* (T) migration to urban centres can be a form of adaptation, but can increase the vulnerability of communities of origin or at destinations ( [[IPCC:Wg2:Chapter:Chapter-8#8.2|Section 8.2.2]] )

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