Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
Help about MediaWiki
Special pages
ClimateKG
Search
Search
English
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-15
(section)
IPCC
Discussion
English
Read
Edit source
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit source
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Page information
In other projects
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
== References == <div id="h1-10-siblings" class="h1-siblings"></div> <div id="Abella Perez--2016"></div> Abella Perez, E., A. Marco, S. Martins and L.A. Hawkes, 2016: Is this what a climate change-resilient population of marine turtles looks like? ''Biol. Conserv.'' , '''193''' , 124–132, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.11.023. <div id="Abram--2019"></div> Abram, N., J.-P. Gattuso, A. Prakash, L. Cheng, M.P. Chidichimo, S. Crate, H. Enomoto, M. Garschagen, N. Gruber, S. Harper, E. Holland, R.M. Kudela, J. Rice, K. Steffen, and K. von Schuckmann, 2019: Framing and Context of the Report Supplementary Material. In: ''IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press. <div id="Adelman--2016"></div> Adelman, S., 2016: Climate justice, loss and damage and compensation for small island developing states. ''J. Hum. Rights Environ.'' , '''7''' (1), 32–53, doi:10.4337/jhre.2016.01.02. <div id="Adger--2014"></div> Adger, W.N., J.M. Pulhin, J. Barnett, G.D. Dabelko, G.K. Hovelsrud, M. Levy, Ú. Oswald Spring and C.H. Vogel, 2014: Human security. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change'' [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 755–791. <div id="Ainsworth--2016"></div> Ainsworth, T., et al., 2016: Climate change disables coral bleaching protection on the Great Barrier Reef. ''Science'' , '''352''' (6283), 338–342, doi:10.1126/science.aac7125. <div id="Aipira--2017"></div> Aipira, C., A. Kidd and K. Morioka, 2017: Climate Change Adaptation in Pacific Countries: Fostering Resilience through Gender Equality. In: ''Climate Change Adaptation in Pacific Countries: Fostering Resilience and Improving the Quality of Life'' [Filho, W.L.(ed.)]. Springer, Germany. <div id="Akpinar-Elci--2015"></div> Akpinar-Elci, M., F. Martin, J. Behr and R. Diaz, 2015: Saharan dust, climate variability, and asthma in Grenada, the Caribbean. ''Int. J. Biometeorol.'' , '''59''' (11), 1667–1671, doi:10.1007/s00484-015-0973-2. <div id="Aladenola--2016"></div> Aladenola, O., A. Cashman and D. Brown, 2016: Impact of El Niño and Climate Change on Rainwater Harvesting in a Caribbean State. ''Water Resour. Manag.'' , '''30''' (10), 3459–3473, doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1362-2. <div id="Albert--2016"></div> Albert, S., et al., 2016: Interactions between sea-level rise and wave exposure on reef island dynamics in the Solomon Islands. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''11''' (5), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054011. <div id="Alcover--1998"></div> Alcover, J., A. Sans and M. Palmer, 1998: The extent of extinctions of mammals on islands. ''J. Biogeography'' , '''25''' , 913–918, doi:10.1046/J.1365-2699.1998.00246.X. <div id="Allahar--2016"></div> Allahar, H. and C. Brathwaite, 2016: Business incubation as an instrument of innovation: the experience of South American and the Caribbean. ''Int. J. Innov.'' , '''4''' (2), 71–85, doi:10.5585.iji.v4i2.107. <div id="Allgood--2017"></div> Allgood, L. and K. McNamara, 2017: Climate-induced migration: Exploring local perspectives in Kiribati. ''Singapore J. Trop. Geogr.'' , '''38''' (3), 370–385, doi:10.1111/sjtg.12202. <div id="Alongi--2008"></div> Alongi, D.M., 2008: Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change. ''Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.'' , '''76''' (1), 1–13, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.024. <div id="Alsumaiei--2018"></div> Alsumaiei, A. and R. Bailey, 2018: Quantifying threats to groundwater resources in the Republic of Maldives Part I: Future rainfall patterns and sea-level rise. ''Hydrol. Process.'' , '''32''' (9), 1137–1153, doi:10.1002/hyp.11480. <div id="Andrew--2019"></div> Andrew, N.L., et al., 2019: Coastal proximity of populations in 22 Pacific Island Countries and Territories. ''PLoS ONE'' , '''14''' (9), e223249, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223249. <div id="Anfuso--2012"></div> Anfuso, G., J. Martinez-del-Pozo and N. Rangel-Buitrago, 2012: Bad practice in erosion management: the Southern Sicily case study. In: ''Pitfalls of shoreline destabilization: selected case studies'' [Cooper, J.A.G. and O.H. Pilkey(eds.)]. Springer. Dordrecht, Netherlands. <div id="Anshuka--2018"></div> Anshuka, A., F. Ogtrop and W. Vervoort, 2018: Drought Modelling in Small Island Developing States: A Case Study in Fiji. ''Geophys. Res. Abstr.'' , '''20''' . https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2018/EGU2018-3251.pdf . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="Arias-Ortiz--2018"></div> Arias-Ortiz, A., et al., 2018: A marine heatwave drives massive losses from the world’s largest seagrass carbon stocks. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''8''' (4), 338–344, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0096-y. <div id="Arnold--2018"></div> Arnold, S., et al., 2018: The significance of climate in the pollinator dynamics of a tropical agroforestry system. ''Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.'' , '''254''' , 1–9, doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.013. <div id="Asch--2018"></div> Asch, R.G., B. Erisman and E. Treml, 2018: Spawning aggregations act as a bottleneck influencing climate change impacts on a critically endangered reef fish. ''Divers. Distributions'' , '''24''' (12), 1712–1728, doi:10.1111/ddi.12809. <div id="Ateweberhan--2013"></div> Ateweberhan, M., et al., 2013: Climate change impacts on coral reefs: synergies with local effects, possibilities for acclimation, and management implications. ''Mar. Pollut. Bull.'' , '''74''' (2), 526–539, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.011. <div id="Atteridge--2017"></div> Atteridge, A. and N. Canales, 2017: ''Climate finance in the Pacific: an overview of flows to the region’s Small Island Developing States'' . Working Paper No. 2017-04. Stockholm Environmental Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. <div id="Atteridge--2017"></div> Atteridge, A., N. Canales and G. Savvidou, 2017: ''Climate finance in the Caribbean region’s Small Island Developing States'' . Working paper No. 2017-08. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm. <div id="Baarsch--2016"></div> Baarsch, F. and I. Kelman, 2016: Insurance Mechanisms for tropical cyclones and droughts in Pacific Small Island Developing States. ''Jamba J. Dis. Risk Stud.'' , '''8''' (1), doi:10.4102/jamba.v8i1.288. <div id="Bailey--2016"></div> Bailey, R., et al., 2016: Assessing regional-scale spatio-temporal patterns of groundwater-surface water interactions using a coupled SWAT-MODFLOW model. ''Hydrol. Process.'' , '''30''' (23), doi:10.1002/hyp.10933. <div id="Baldacchino--2018"></div> Baldacchino, G., 2018: Seizing history: development and non-climate change in Small Island Developing States. ''Int. J. Clim. Chang. Strateg. Manag.'' , '''10''' (2), 217–228, doi:10.1108/ijccsm-02-2017-0037. <div id="Baldock--2015"></div> Baldock, T., et al., 2015: Impact of sea-level rise on cross-shore sediment transport on fetch-limited barrier reef island beaches under modal and cyclonic conditions. ''Mar. Pollut. Bull.'' , '''97''' (1-2), 188–198, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.017. <div id="Balzan--2018"></div> Balzan, M., M. Potschin-Young and R. Haines-Young, 2018: Island ecosystem services: insights from a literature review on case-study island ecosystem services and future prospects. ''Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag.'' , '''14''' (1), 71–90, doi:10.1080/21513732.2018.1439103. <div id="Baptiste--2019"></div> Baptiste, A. and H. Devonish, 2019: The Manifestation of Climate Injustices: The Post-Hurricane Irma Conflicts Surrounding Barbuda’s Communal Land Tenure. ''J. Extrem. Events'' , '''06''' (01), doi:10.1142/s2345737619400025. <div id="Baptiste--2016"></div> Baptiste, A. and R. Kinlocke, 2016: We are not all the same!: Comparative climate change vulnerabilities among fishers in Old Harbour Bay, Jamaica. ''Geoforum'' , '''73''' , 47–59, doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.05.006. <div id="Barclay--2019"></div> Barclay, J., et al., 2019: Historical Trajectories of Disaster Risk in Dominica. ''Int. J. Dis. Risk Sci.'' , '''10''' (2), 149–165, doi:10.1007/s13753-019-0215-z. <div id="Barkdull--2018"></div> Barkdull, J. and P.G. Harris, 2018: Emerging responses to global climate change: ecosystem-based adaptation. ''Glob. Chang. Peace Secur.'' , '''31''' (1), 19–37, doi:10.1080/14781158.2018.1475349. <div id="Barkey--2017"></div> Barkey, B. and R. Bailey, 2017: Estimating the Impact of Drought on Groundwater Resources of the Marshall Islands. ''Water'' , '''9''' (1), doi:10.3390/w9010041. <div id="Barnard--2015"></div> Barnard, P., et al., 2015: Coastal vulnerability across the Pacific dominated by El Niño/Southern Oscillation. ''Nat. Geosci.'' , '''8''' (10), 801–807, doi:10.1038/ngeo2539. <div id="Barnett--2017"></div> Barnett, J., 2017: The dilemmas of normalising losses from climate change: Towards hope for Pacific atoll countries. ''Asia Pac. Viewp.'' , '''58''' (1), 3–13, doi:10.1111/apv.12153. <div id="Barnett--2010"></div> Barnett, J. and J. Campbell, 2010: ''Climate Change and Small Island States: Power, Knowledge and the South Pacific'' . Earthscan, London, ISBN 978-1844074945. <div id="Barnett--2018"></div> Barnett, J. and C. McMichael, 2018: The effects of climate change on the geography and timing of human mobility. ''Popul. Environ.'' , '''39''' (4), 339–356, doi:10.1007/s11111-018-0295-5. <div id="Barriot--2016"></div> Barriot, J., J. Serafini, K. Maamaatuaiahutapu and L. Sichoix, 2016: The Island of Tubuai (French Polynesia) Landfall of Cyclone Oli on the 5th of February 2010. ''Open Access Library J.'' , '''3''' (e2615), doi:10.4236/oalib.1102615. <div id="Bebber--2019"></div> Bebber, D.P., 2019: Climate change effects on Black Sigatoka disease of banana. ''Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. B'' , '''374''' (1775), doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0269. <div id="Beca-Carretero--2020"></div> Beca-Carretero, P., et al., 2020: Projected Rapid Habitat Expansion of Tropical Seagrass Species in the Mediterranean Sea as Climate Change Progresses. ''Front. Plant Sci.'' , '''11''' , 555376, doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.555376. <div id="Beck--2018"></div> Beck, M.W., et al., 2018: The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''9''' (1), 2186, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04568-z. <div id="Becken--2019"></div> Becken, S., 2019: Decarbonising tourism: mission impossible? ''Tour. Recreat. Res.'' , 1–15, doi:10.1080/02508281.2019.1598042. <div id="Becken--2020"></div> Becken, S., E. Whittlesea, J. Loehr and D. Scott, 2020: Tourism and climate change: evaluating the extent of policy integration. ''J. Sustain. Tour.'' , '''28''' (10), 1603–1624, doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1745217. <div id="Becker--2019"></div> Becker, M., M. Karpytchev and F. Papa, 2019: Hotspots of Relative Sea Level Rise in the Tropics. In: ''Tropical Extremes: Natural Variability and Trends'' [Venugopal, V., J. Sukhatme, R. Murtugudde and R. Roca )](eds.)]. Elsevier, pp. 203–262. ISBN 978-0128092484. Amsterdam, Netherlands. <div id="Beckford--2018"></div> Beckford, C., 2018: Climate change resiliency in Caribbean SIDS: building greater synergies between science and local and traditional knowledge. ''J. Environ. Stud. Sci.'' , '''8''' (1), 42–50, doi:10.1007/s13412-017-0440-y. <div id="Beetham--2017"></div> Beetham, E., P. Kench and S. Popinet, 2017: Future Reef Growth Can Mitigate Physical Impacts of Sea-Level Rise on Atoll Islands. ''Earths Future'' , '''5''' (10), 1002–1014, doi:10.1002/2017ef000589. <div id="Bell--2018"></div> Bell, J., et al., 2018: Adaptations to maintain the contributions of small-scale fisheries to food security in the Pacific Islands. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''88''' , 303–314, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.019. <div id="Bell--2013"></div> Bell, J., et al., 2013: Mixed responses of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''3''' (6), 591–599, doi:10.1038/nclimate1838. <div id="Bell--2015"></div> Bell, J. and M. Taylor, 2015: ''Building climate-resilient food systems for Pacific Islands'' . Program Report: 2015-15. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia. <div id="Bell--2016"></div> Bell, J., M. Taylor, M. Amos and N. Andrew, 2016: ''Climate change and Pacific Island food systems: the future of food, farming and fishing in the Pacific Islands under a changing climate'' . https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/79049/retrieve . Retrieved 10 June 2021 <div id="Bell--2015"></div> Bell, J.D., et al., 2015: Diversifying the use of tuna to improve food security and public health in Pacific Island countries and territories. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''51''' , 584–591, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2014.10.005. <div id="Bell--2009"></div> Bell, J.D., et al., 2009: Planning the use of fish for food security in the Pacific. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''33''' (1), 64–76, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2008.04.002. <div id="Bell--2021"></div> Bell, J.D., et al., 2021: Pathways to sustaining tuna-dependent Pacific Island economies during climate change. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , doi:10.1038/s41893-021-00745-z. <div id="Bell--2019a"></div> Bell, S., et al., 2019a: Projections of Southern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclone Track Density using CMIP5 models. ''Clim. Dyn.'' , '''52''' (9-10), 6065–6079, doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4497-4. <div id="Bell--2019b"></div> Bell, S.S., et al., 2019b: Eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone activity in historical and future CMIP5 experiments: assessment with a model-independent tracking scheme. ''Clim. Dyn.'' , '''53''' (7-8), 4841–4855, doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04830-0. <div id="Bell--2020"></div> Bell, S.S., et al., 2020: North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone activity in CMIP5 experiments: Future projections using a model-independent detection and tracking scheme. ''Int. J. Climatol.'' , '''40''' (15), 6492–6505, doi:10.1002/joc.6594. <div id="Bellard--2013a"></div> Bellard, C., C. Leclerc and F. Courchamp, 2013a: Impact of sea level rise on the 10 insular biodiversity hotspots. ''Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr.'' , '''23''' (2), 203–212, doi:10.1111/geb.12093. <div id="Bellard--2013b"></div> Bellard, C., C. Leclerc and F. Courchamp, 2013b: Potential impact of sea level rise on French islands worldwide. ''Nat. Conserv.'' , '''5''' , 75–86, doi:10.3897/natureconservation.5.5533. <div id="Bellard--2014"></div> Bellard, C., et al., 2014: Vulnerability of biodiversity hotspots to global change. ''Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr.'' , '''23''' (12), 1376–1386, doi:10.1111/geb.12228. <div id="Bellard--2016"></div> Bellard, C., P. Cassey and T. Blackburn, 2016: Alien species as a driver of recent extinctions. ''Biol. Lett.'' , '''12''' (20150623), doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0623. <div id="Belmar--2015"></div> Belmar, Y., K. McNamara and T. Morrison, 2015: Water security in small island developing states: the limited utility of evolving governance paradigms. ''Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water'' , '''3''' (2), 181–193, doi:10.1002/wat2.1129. <div id="Benjamin--2018"></div> Benjamin, L., A. Thomas and R. Haynes, 2018: An ‘Islands’ COP’? Loss and damage at COP23. ''Rev. Eur. Comp. Int. Environ. Law'' , '''27''' (3), 332–340, doi:10.1111/reel.12255. <div id="Beobide-Arsuaga--2021"></div> Beobide-Arsuaga, G., T. Bayr, A. Reintges and M. Latif, 2021: Uncertainty of ENSO-amplitude projections in CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. ''Clim. Dyn.'' , '''56''' (11-12), 3875–3888, doi:10.1007/s00382-021-05673-4. <div id="Bertana--2020"></div> Bertana, A., 2020: The role of power in community participation: Relocation as climate change adaptation in Fiji. ''Environ. Plan. C Polit. Space'' , '''38''' (5), 902–919, doi:10.1177/2399654420909394. <div id="Betzold--2015"></div> Betzold, C., 2015: Adapting to climate change in small island developing states. ''Clim. Change'' , '''133''' (3), 481–489, doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1408-0. <div id="Betzold--2017"></div> Betzold, C. and I. Mohamed, 2017: Seawalls as a response to coastal erosion and flooding: a case study from Grande Comore, Comoros (West Indian Ocean). ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''17''' (4), 1077–1087, doi:10.1007/s10113-016-1044-x. <div id="Bhandary--2021"></div> Bhandary, R.R., K.S. Gallagher and F. Zhang, 2021: Climate finance policy in practice: a review of the evidence. ''Clim. Policy'' , '''21''' (4), 529–545, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1871313. <div id="Bhatia--2019"></div> Bhatia, K.T., et al., 2019: Recent increases in tropical cyclone intensification rates. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''10''' (1), 635, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08471-z. <div id="Bheeroo--2016"></div> Bheeroo, R., N. Chandrasekar, S. Kaliraj and N. Magesh, 2016: Shoreline change rate and erosion risk assessment along the Trou Aux Biches–Mont Choisy beach on the northwest coast of Mauritius using GIS-DSAS technique. ''Environ. Earth Sci.'' , '''75''' (5), doi:10.1007/s12665-016-5311-4. <div id="Bianchi--2003"></div> Bianchi, C., et al., 2003: Monitoring coral bleaching in the Maldives: lessons to be learned and a new hypotheses. ''Oceanis'' , '''29''' (3-4), 325–354. <div id="Bindoff--2019"></div> Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. Arístegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O’Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson, 2019: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. In: ''IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press. <div id="Biribo--2013"></div> Biribo, N. and C. Woodroffe, 2013: Historical area and shoreline change of reef islands around Tarawa Atoll, Kiribati. ''Sustain. Sci.'' , '''8''' (3), 345–362, doi:10.1007/s11625-013-0210-z. <div id="Birk--2014"></div> Birk, T. and K. Rasmussen, 2014: Migration from atolls as climate change adaptation: Current practices, barriers and options in Solomon Islands. ''Nat. Resour. Forum'' , '''38''' (1), 1–13, doi:10.1111/1477-8947.12038. <div id="Bisaro--2019"></div> Bisaro, A., et al., 2019: Leveraging public adaptation finance through urban land reclamation: cases from Germany, the Netherlands and the Maldives. ''Clim. Change'' , '''160''' (4), 671–689, doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02507-5. <div id="Blackburn--2014"></div> Blackburn, S., 2014: The politics of scale and disaster risk governance: Barriers to decentralisation in Portland, Jamaica. ''Geoforum'' , '''52''' , 101–112, doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.12.013. <div id="Blair--2018"></div> Blair, A. and S. Momtaz, 2018: Climate change perception and response: Case studies of Fishers from Antigua and Efate. ''Ocean. Coast. Manag.'' , '''157''' , 86–94, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.02.015. <div id="Boger--2019"></div> Boger, R., S. Perdikaris and I. Rivera-Collazo, 2019: Cultural heritage and local ecological knowledge under threat: Two Caribbean examples from Barbuda and Puerto Rico. ''J. Anthropol. Archaeol.'' , '''7''' (2), 1–14, doi:10.15640/jaa.v7n2a1. <div id="Bordner--2020"></div> Bordner, A.S., C.E. Ferguson and L. Ortolano, 2020: Colonial dynamics limit climate adaptation in Oceania: Perspectives from the Marshall Islands. ''Glob. Environ. Chang.'' , '''61''' , doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102054. <div id="Borges-Méndez--2019"></div> Borges-Méndez, R. and C. Caron, 2019: Decolonizing Resilience: The Case of Reconstructing the Coffee Region of Puerto Rico After Hurricanes Irma and Maria. ''J. Extrem. Events'' , '''06''' (01), doi:10.1142/s2345737619400013. <div id="Bowden--2020"></div> Bowden, J.H., et al., 2020: High-resolution dynamically downscaled rainfall and temperature projections for ecological life zones within Puerto Rico and for the US Virgin Islands. ''Int. J. Climatol.'' , '''41''' (2), 1305–1327, doi:10.1002/joc.6810. <div id="Boyd--2017"></div> Boyd, E., et al., 2017: A typology of loss and damage perspectives. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''7''' (10), 723–729, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE3389. <div id="Bramante--2020"></div> Bramante, J.F., et al., 2020: Sea Level Rise Will Drive Divergent Sediment Transport Patterns on Fore Reefs and Reef Flats, Potentially Causing Erosion on Atoll Islands. ''J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf.'' , '''125''' (10), doi:10.1029/2019jf005446. <div id="Branoff--2018"></div> Branoff, B., 2018: ''Changes in mangrove tree mortality, forest canopy, and aboveground biomass accumulation rates following the 2017 hurricane season in Puerto Rico and the role of urbanization'' . bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/425140. <div id="Briones--2019"></div> Briones, F., R. Vachon and M. Glantz, 2019: Local responses to disasters: recent lessons from zero-order responders. ''Dis. Prev. Manag. Int. J.'' , '''28''' (1), 119–125, doi:10.1108/dpm-05-2018-0151. <div id="Brodie--2020"></div> Brodie, G., et al., 2020: Seagrass habitat in Tarawa Lagoon, Kiribati: Service benefits and links to national priority issues. ''Mar. Pollut. Bull.'' , '''155''' , doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111099. <div id="Brown--2017"></div> Brown, C.J., et al., 2017: Tracing the influence of land-use change on water quality and coral reefs using a Bayesian model. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''7''' (1), 4740, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05031-7. <div id="Brown--2018"></div> Brown, S., et al., 2018: Quantifying Land and People Exposed to Sea-Level Rise with No Mitigation and 1.5C and 2.0C Rise in Global Temperatures to Year 2300. ''Earths Future'' , '''6''' , 583–600, doi:10.1002/2017EF000738. <div id="Brown--2020"></div> Brown, S., et al., 2020: Land raising as a solution to sea-level rise: An analysis of coastal flooding on an artificial island in the Maldives. ''J. Flood Risk Manag.'' , '''13''' , 1, doi:10.1111/jfr3.12567. <div id="Bryant-Tokalau--2018a"></div> Bryant-Tokalau, J., 2018a: Handling Weather Disasters: The Resilience and Adaptive Capacity of Pacific Island Communities. In: ''Indigenous Pacific Approaches to Climate Change: Pacific Island Countries'' [Stewart, P. and A. Strathern(eds.)]. Palgrave Macmillan. Cham, Switzerland. <div id="Bryant-Tokalau--2018b"></div> Bryant-Tokalau, J., 2018b: ''Indigenous Pacific Approaches to Climate Change: Pacific Island Countries'' . Palgrave Studies in Disaster Anthropology. Palgrave Macmillan. Cham, Switzerland. <div id="Buggy--2016"></div> Buggy, L. and K. McNamara, 2016: The need to reinterpret “community” for climate change adaptation: a case study of Pele Island, Vanuatu. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''8''' (3), 270–280, doi:10.1080/17565529.2015.1041445. <div id="Buhr--2018"></div> Buhr, B., et al., 2018: ''Climate Change and the Cost of Capital in Developing Countries: Assessing the impact of climate risks on sovereign borrowing costs'' . Imperial College Business School, SOAS University of London, London. <div id="Butchart--2019"></div> Butchart, S., et al., 2019: Chapter 3: Assessing progress towards meeting major international objectives related to nature and nature’s contributions to people. In: ''Global assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services'' [Brondizio, E., J. Settele, S. Diaz and H. Ngo. <div id="Butcher-Gollach--2015"></div> Butcher-Gollach, C., 2015: Planning, the urban poor and climate change in Small Island Developing States (SIDS): unmitigated disaster or inclusive adaptation? ''Int. Dev. Plan. Rev.'' , '''37''' (2), 225–248, doi:10.3828/idpr.2015.17. <div id="Cai--2014"></div> Cai, W., et al., 2014: Increasing frequency of extreme El Nino events due to greenhouse warming. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''4''' (2), 111–116, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2100. <div id="Cai--2015a"></div> Cai, W., et al., 2015a: ENSO and greenhouse warming. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''5''' (9), 849–859, doi:10.1038/nclimate2743. <div id="Cai--2018"></div> Cai, W., et al., 2018: Increased variability of eastern Pacific El Nino under greenhouse warming. ''Nature'' , '''564''' (7735), 201–206, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0776-9. <div id="Cai--2015b"></div> Cai, W., et al., 2015b: Increased frequency of extreme La Niña events under greenhouse warming. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''5''' (2), 132–137, doi:10.1038/nclimate2492. <div id="Cambers--2009"></div> Cambers, G., 2009: Caribbean beach changes and climate change adaptation. ''Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag.'' , '''12''' (2), 168–176, doi:10.1080/14634980902907987. <div id="Caminade--2017"></div> Caminade, C., et al., 2017: Global risk model for vector-borne transmission of Zika virus reveals the role of El Nino 2015. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A'' , '''114''' (1), 119–125, doi:10.1073/pnas.1700746114. <div id="Campbell--2021"></div> Campbell, D., 2021: Environmental change and the livelihood resilience of coffee farmers in Jamaica: A case study of the Cedar Valley farming region. ''J Rural Stud'' , '''81''' , 220–234, doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.10.027. <div id="Campbell--2021"></div> Campbell, D., et al., 2021: Wild Food Harvest, Food Security, and Biodiversity Conservation in Jamaica: A Case Study of the Millbank Farming Region. ''Front. Sustain. Food Syst.'' , '''5''' , doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.663863. <div id="Campbell--2014a"></div> Campbell, J., 2014a: Climate change migration in the Pacific. ''Contemp. Pac.'' , '''26''' (1), 1–29, doi:10.1353/cp.2014.0023. <div id="Campbell--2014b"></div> Campbell, J., 2014b: Development, global change and traditional food security in Pacific Island countries. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''15''' (7), 1313–1324, doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0697-6. <div id="Campbell--2014"></div> Campbell, J. and O. Warrick, 2014: ''Climate Change and Migration Issues in the Pacific'' . United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Pacific Office, Fiji. <div id="Canales--2017"></div> Canales, N., A. Atteridge and A. Sturesson, 2017: ''Climate finance for the Indian Ocean and African Small Island Developing States'' . Working paper no. 2017-11. Environment Institute, Stockholm. <div id="CANARI--2020"></div> [[#CANARI--2020|CANARI, 2020]] : ''Rising to the climate challenge: Coastal and marine resilience in the Caribbean, Barataria, Trinidad and Tobago'' . https://canari.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/CANARI-Coastal-Marine-Resilience-Issue-Paper.pdf . <div id="Canavesio--2019"></div> Canavesio, R., 2019: Distant swells and their impacts on atolls and tropical coastlines. The example of submersions produced by lagoon water filling and flushing currents in French Polynesia during 1996 and 2011 mega swells. ''Glob. Planet. Change.'' , '''177''' , 116–126, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.03.018. <div id="Cannonier--2018"></div> Cannonier, C. and M. Burke, 2018: The economic growth impact of tourism in Small Island Developing States—evidence from the Caribbean. ''Tour. Econ.'' , '''25''' (1), 85–108, doi:10.1177/1354816618792792. <div id="Cantet--2021"></div> Cantet, P., A. Belmadani, F. Chauvin and P. Palany, 2021: Projections of tropical cyclone rainfall over land with an Eulerian approach: case study of three islands in the West Indies. ''Int. J. Climatol.'' , '''41''' (51), E1164–E1179, doi:10.1002/joc.6760. <div id="Cantet--2014"></div> Cantet, P., M. Déqué, P. Palany and J. Maridet, 2014: The importance of using a high-resolution model to study the climate change on small islands: the Lesser Antilles case. ''Tellus A Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr.'' , '''66''' (1), doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.24065. <div id="Cantrell--2014"></div> Cantrell, S., et al., 2014: Effects of a simulated hurricane disturbance on forest floor microbial communities. ''For. Ecol. Manag.'' , '''332''' , 22–31, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.010. <div id="Cao-Lormeau--2014"></div> Cao-Lormeau, V.-M. and D. Musso, 2014: Emerging arboviruses in the Pacific. ''Lancet'' , '''384''' (9954), 1571–1572, doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61977-2. <div id="Carby--2015"></div> Carby, B., 2015: Beyond the community: integrating local and scientific knowledge in the formal development approval process in Jamaica. ''Environ. Hazards'' , '''14''' (3), 252–269, doi:10.1080/17477891.2015.1058740. <div id="Carby--2017"></div> Carby, B., 2017: Integrating disaster risk reduction in national development planning: experience and challenges of Jamaica. ''Environ. Hazards'' , '''17''' (3), 219–233, doi:10.1080/17477891.2017.1415864. <div id="Carlson--2019"></div> Carlson, R.R., S.A. Foo and G.P. Asner, 2019: Land Use Impacts on Coral Reef Health: A Ridge-to-Reef Perspective. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''6''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00562. <div id="Cashman--2014"></div> Cashman, A., 2014: Water Security and Services in the Caribbean. ''Water'' , '''6''' (5), 1187–1203, doi:10.3390/w6051187. <div id="Cashman--2017"></div> Cashman, A. and M. Nagdee, 2017: Impacts of Climate Change on Settlements and Infrastructure in the Coastal and Marine Environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS). ''Caribb. Mar. Clim. Chang. Rep. Card: Sci. Rev.'' , 155–173. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/605066/11._Settlements_and_Infrastructure_combined.docx.pdf . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="Cashman--2019"></div> Cashman, A. and D. Yawson, 2019: Water, Livelihoods, and Migration in SIDS: Climate Change and Future Prospects for Carriacou, West Indies. ''Resources'' , '''8''' (4), doi:10.3390/resources8040174. <div id="Cauchi--2019"></div> Cauchi, J.P., I. Correa-Velez and H. Bambrick, 2019: Climate change, food security and health in Kiribati: a narrative review of the literature. ''Glob. Health Action'' , '''12''' (1), 1603683, doi:10.1080/16549716.2019.1603683. <div id="Cauchi--2021"></div> Cauchi, J.P., S. Moncada, H. Bambrick and I. Correa-Velez, 2021: Coping with environmental hazards and shocks in Kiribati: Experiences of climate change by atoll communities in the Equatorial Pacific. ''Environ. Dev.'' , '''37''' , doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100549. <div id="CCCCC--2012"></div> [[#CCCCC--2012|CCCCC, 2012]] : ''Delivering Transformational Change: The Implementation Plan for the CARICOM ‘Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change’ (2011-2021)'' . https://www.caribbeanclimate.bz/2009-2021-regional-planning-for-climate-compatible-development-in-the-region/ . <div id="CCRIF--2019"></div> [[#CCRIF--2019|CCRIF, 2019]] : ''Caribbean Countries to Benefit from Access to Insurance for the Fisheries Sector'' . <div id="CDEMA--2014"></div> [[#CDEMA--2014|CDEMA, 2014]] : ''Regional Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) Strategy and Results Framework 2014-2024'' . Barbados. <div id="Chacowry--2018"></div> Chacowry, A., L. McEwen and K. Lynch, 2018: Recovery and resilience of communities in flood risk zones in a small island developing state: A case study from a suburban settlement of Port Louis, Mauritius. ''Int. J. Dis. Risk Reduct.'' , '''28''' , 826–838, doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.03.019. <div id="Chakrabarti--2017"></div> Chakrabarti, P., et al., 2017: Alternate livelihood development for ‘Aila’ affected tribal people through aquaculture in Bali Island of the Sunderban, West Bengal, India. ''Indian J. Fish.'' , '''64''' , doi:10.21077/ijf.2017.64.special-issue.76186-03. <div id="Chambers--2019"></div> Chambers, L., et al., 2019: Traditional or contemporary weather and climate forecasts: reaching Pacific communities. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , doi:10.1007/s10113-019-01487-7. <div id="Chambers--2017"></div> Chambers, L., et al., 2017: A database for traditional knowledge of weather and climate in the Pacific. ''Meteorol. Appl.'' , '''24''' (3), 491–502, doi:10.1002/met.1648. <div id="Chand--2014"></div> Chand, S., et al., 2014: Indigenous Knowledge for Environmental Prediction in the Pacific Island Countries. ''Weather. Clim. Soc.'' , '''6''' (4), 445–450, doi:10.1175/wcas-d-13-00053.1. <div id="Chand--2019"></div> Chand, S.S., et al., 2019: Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Tracks in CMIP5 Models: Statistical Assessment Using a Model-Independent Detection and Tracking Scheme. ''J. Climate'' , '''32''' (21), 7191–7208, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-18-0785.1. <div id="Chandra--2016"></div> Chandra, A. and P. Gaganis, 2016: Deconstructing vulnerability and adaptation in a coastal river basin ecosystem: a participatory analysis of flood risk in Nadi, Fiji Islands. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''8''' (3), 256–269, doi:10.1080/17565529.2015.1016884. <div id="Charan--2017"></div> Charan, D., M. Kaur and P. Singh, 2017: Customary Land and Climate Change Induced Relocation—A Case Study of Vunidogoloa Village, Vanua Levu, Fiji. In: ''In: Climate Change Adaptation in Pacific Countries'' [Filho, W.L.(ed.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 19–33. ISBN 978-3319500935. <div id="Chefaoui--2018"></div> Chefaoui, R., C. Duarte and E. Serrao, 2018: Dramatic loss of seagrass habitat under projected climate change in the Mediterranean Sea. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''24''' (10), 4919–4928, doi:10.1111/gcb.14401. <div id="Cheung--2018"></div> Cheung, W., J. Bruggeman and M. Butenschon, 2018: Chapter 4: Projected changes in global and national potential marine fisheries catch under climate change scenarios in the twenty-first century. In: ''Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: Synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options'' [Barange, M., et al.(ed.)]. Food and Agriculture Oranization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp. 63–86. <div id="Chou--2020"></div> Chou, S.C., et al., 2020: Downscaling projections of climate change in Sao Tome and Principe Islands, Africa. ''Clim. Dyn.'' , '''54''' (9-10), 4021–4042, doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05212-7. <div id="CIMH--2019"></div> CIMH, CWWA, CARDI and CDEMA, 2019: ''Sectoral Early Warning Information Systems across Climate Timescales (EWISACTs) Roadmap and Plan of Action (RPA) 2020-2030'' . https://rcc.cimh.edu.bb/ . <div id="Cinner--2016"></div> Cinner, J., et al., 2016: A framework for understanding climate change impacts on coral reef social–ecological systems. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''16''' (4), 1133–1146, doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0832-z. <div id="Clifford--2019"></div> Clifford, M., S. Ali and K. Matsubae, 2019: Mining, land restoration and sustainable development in isolated islands: An industrial ecology perspective on extractive transitions on Nauru. ''Ambio'' , '''48''' (4), 397–408, doi:10.1007/s13280-018-1075-2. <div id="Cole--2017"></div> Cole, P. and G. Banks, 2017: Renewable energy programmes in the South Pacific – Are these a solution to dependency? ''Energy Policy'' , '''110''' , 500–508, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.08.048. <div id="Collier--2017"></div> Collier, C., et al., 2017: Optimum Temperatures for Net Primary Productivity of Three Tropical Seagrass Species. ''Front. Plant Sci.'' , '''8''' , 1446, doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01446. <div id="Connell--2013"></div> Connell, J., 2013: ''Islands at Risk? Environments, Economies, and Contemporary Change'' . Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. <div id="Connell--2015"></div> Connell, J., 2015: Vulnerable Islands: Climate Change, Tectonic Change, and Changing Livelihoods in the Western Pacific. ''Contemp. Pac.'' , '''27''' (1), 1–36. <div id="Connell--2016"></div> Connell, J., 2016: Last days in the Carteret Islands? Climate change, livelihoods and migration on coral atolls. ''Asia Pac. Viewp.'' , '''57''' (1), 3–15, doi:10.1111/apv.12118. <div id="Conway--2014"></div> Conway, D. and J. Mustelin, 2014: Strategies for improving adaptation practice in developing countries. ''Nat. Clim Change'' , '''4''' (5), 339–342, doi:10.1038/nclimate2199. <div id="Cornwall--2021"></div> Cornwall, C.E., et al., 2021: Global declines in coral reef calcium carbonate production under ocean acidification and warming. ''PNAS'' , '''118''' (21), doi:10.1073/pnas.2015265118. <div id="Costa--2019"></div> Costa, M., E. Macedo and E. Siegle, 2019: Wave refraction and reef island stability under rising sea level. ''Glob. Planet. Change.'' , '''172''' , 256–267, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.10.015. <div id="Cowburn--2018"></div> Cowburn, B., M. Samoilys and D. Obura, 2018: The current status of coral reefs and their vulnerability to climate change and multiple human stresses in the Comoros Archipelago, Western Indian Ocean. ''Mar. Pollut. Bull.'' , '''133''' , 956–969, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.065. <div id="Cox--2018"></div> Cox, J., et al., 2018: Disaster, Divine Judgment, and Original Sin: Christian Interpretations of Tropical Cyclone Winston and Climate Change in Fiji. ''Contemp. Pac.'' , '''30''' (2), 380–410, doi:10.1353/cp.2018.0032. <div id="Cramer--2018"></div> Cramer, W., et al., 2018: Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''8''' (11), 972–980, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0299-2. <div id="Crichton--2018"></div> Crichton, R. and M. Esteban, 2018: Limits to Coastal Adaptation in Samoa: Insights and Experiences. In: ''Limits to Climate Change Adaptation'' [Filho, W.L. and J. Nalau )](eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 283–300. ISBN 978-3319645988. <div id="Crichton--2020"></div> Crichton, R.N., M. Esteban and M. Onuki, 2020: Understanding the preferences of rural communities for adaptation to 21st-century sea-level rise: A case study from the Samoan islands. ''Clim. Risk Manag.'' , '''30''' , doi:10.1016/j.crm.2020.100254. <div id="Cruz--2017"></div> Cruz, J. and C. Andrade, 2017: Groundwater salinization in Graciosa and Pico islands (Azores archipelago, Portugal): processes and impacts. ''J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud.'' , '''12''' , 69–87, doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.04.003. <div id="Curnick--2019"></div> Curnick, D., et al., 2019: The value of small mangrove patches. ''Science'' , '''363''' (6424), doi:10.1126/science.aaw0809. <div id="Currenti--2019"></div> Currenti, R., et al., 2019: Adaptation to Climate Change in an Interior Pacific Island Village: a Case Study of Nawairuku, Ra, Fiji. ''Hum. Ecol.'' , '''47''' (1), 65–80, doi:10.1007/s10745-019-0049-8. <div id="Curtain--2019"></div> Curtain, R. and M. Dornan, 2019: ''A pressure release valve? Migration and climate change in Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu'' . Australian National University. <div id="Cuvillier--2017"></div> Cuvillier, A., et al., 2017: Causes of seasonal and decadal variability in a tropical seagrass seascape (Reunion Island, south western Indian Ocean). ''Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.'' , '''184''' , 90–101, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.10.046. <div id="Cvitanovic--2016"></div> Cvitanovic, C., et al., 2016: Linking adaptation science to action to build food secure Pacific Island communities. ''Clim. Risk Manag.'' , '''11''' , 53–62, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2016.01.003. <div id="Cvitanovic--2019"></div> Cvitanovic, C., et al., 2019: Maximising the benefits of participatory climate adaptation research by understanding and managing the associated challenges and risks. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''94''' , 20–31, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.028. <div id="de Beurs--2019"></div> de Beurs, K., N. McThompson, B. Owsley and G. Henebry, 2019: Hurricane damage detection on four major Caribbean islands. ''Remote. Sens. Environ.'' , '''229''' , 1–13, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.028. <div id="De Ramon N’Yeurt--2014"></div> De Ramon N’Yeurt, A. and V. Iese, 2014: The proliferating brown alga Sargassum polycystum in Tuvalu, South Pacific: assessment of the bloom and applications to local agriculture and sustainable energy. ''J. Appl. Phycol.'' , '''27''' (5), 2037–2045, doi:10.1007/s10811-014-0435-y. <div id="de Scally--2014"></div> de Scally, F., 2014: Evaluation of storm surge risk: A case study from Rarotonga, Cook Islands. ''Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct.'' , '''7''' , 9–27, doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.12.002. <div id="De Souza--2018"></div> De Souza, R. and J. Clarke, 2018: Chapter 11: Advancing Coastal Climate Resilience: Inclusive Data and Decision-Making for Small Island Communities. In: ''Resilience: The Science of Adpatation to Climate Change'' [Zommers, Z. and K. Alverson(eds.)]. Elsevier, pp. 143–150. Retrieved 10 June 2021 <div id="Delevaux--2018"></div> Delevaux, J.M.S., et al., 2018: A linked land-sea modeling framework to inform ridge-to-reef management in high oceanic islands. ''PLoS ONE'' , '''13''' (3), e193230, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193230. <div id="Dey--2016"></div> Dey, M., et al., 2016: Economic impact of climate change and climate change adaptation strategies for fisheries sector in Solomon Islands: Implication for food security. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''67''' , 171–178, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.01.004. <div id="Di Falco--2018"></div> Di Falco, S. and S. Sharma, 2018: Investing in Climate Change Adaptation: Motivations and Green Incentives in the Fiji Islands. ''Ecol. Econ.'' , '''154''' , 394–408, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.08.015. <div id="Di Falco--2019"></div> Di Falco, S. and S. Sharma-Khushal, 2019: Cognitive drivers, and the effect of information on climate change adaptive behaviour in Fiji Islands. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''92''' , 245–254, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.11.019. <div id="Donner--2015"></div> Donner, S., 2015: The legacy of migration in response to climate stress: learning from the Gilbertese resettlement in the Solomon Islands. ''Nat. Resour. Forum'' , '''39''' (3-4), 191–201, doi:10.1111/1477-8947.12082. <div id="Donner--2014"></div> Donner, S. and S. Webber, 2014: Obstacles to climate change adaptation decisions: a case study of sea-level rise and coastal protection measures in Kiribati. ''Sustain. Sci.'' , '''9''' (3), 331–345, doi:10.1007/s11625-014-0242-z. <div id="Donner--2017"></div> Donner, S.D., G.J.M. Rickbeil and S.F. Heron, 2017: A new, high-resolution global mass coral bleaching database. ''PLoS ONE'' , '''12''' (4), e175490, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175490. <div id="Dookie--2019"></div> Dookie, D., M. Enenkel and J. Spence, 2019: From science to science-based: Using state-of-the-art climate information to strengthen DRR in Small Island States. In: ''Strengthening disaster resilience in small states: Commonwealth perspectives'' [Khonje, W. and T. Mitchell(eds.)]. Commonwealth Secretariat, London, UK, pp. 13–41. <div id="Dornan--2014"></div> Dornan, M., 2014: Access to Electricity in Small Island Developing States of the Pacific: Issues and Challenges. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''31''' , 726–735, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.037. <div id="Doswald--2014"></div> Doswald, N., et al., 2014: Effectiveness of ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation: review of the evidence-base. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''6''' (2), 185–201, doi:10.1080/17565529.2013.867247. <div id="Douglass--2020"></div> Douglass, K. and J. Cooper, 2020: Archaeology, environmental justice, and climate change on islands of the Caribbean and southwestern Indian Ocean. ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A'' , '''117''' (15), 8254–8262, doi:10.1073/pnas.1914211117. <div id="Drinkall--2019"></div> Drinkall, S., et al., 2019: Migration with Dignity: A case study on the livelihood transitions of Micronesians to Portland and Salem, Oregon. ''J. Disaster Res.'' , '''14''' (9), 1267–1276, doi:10.20965/jdr.2019.p1267. <div id="Duarte--2018"></div> Duarte, B., et al., 2018: Climate Change Impacts on Seagrass Meadows and Macroalgal Forests: An Integrative Perspective on Acclimation and Adaptation Potential. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''5''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00190. <div id="Ducrocq--2016"></div> Ducrocq, V., P. Drobinski, S. Gualdi and P. Raimbault, 2016: Sub-chapter 1.2.1: The water cycle in the Mediterranean. In: ''The Mediterranean region under climate change: A scientific update'' . IRD Editions, Marseille, France. ISBN 978-2709922203. <div id="Duijndam--2020"></div> Duijndam, S., et al., 2020: Valuing a Caribbean coastal lagoon using the choice experiment method: The case of the Simpson Bay Lagoon, Saint Martin. ''J. Nat. Conserv.'' , '''56''' , doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125845. <div id="Dunn--2018"></div> Dunn, D., et al., 2018: A strategy for the conservation of biodiversity on mid-ocean ridges from deep-sea mining. ''Sci. Adv.'' , '''4''' , doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar4313. <div id="Duvat--2009"></div> Duvat, V., 2009: Beach erosion management in Small Island Developing States: Indian Ocean case studies. ''Coast. Process.'' , 149–160, doi:10.2495/cp090141. <div id="Duvat--2013"></div> Duvat, V., 2013: Coastal protection structures in Tarawa Atoll, Republic of Kiribati. ''Sustain. Sci.'' , '''8''' (3), 363–379, doi:10.1007/s11625-013-0205-9. <div id="Duvat--2020a"></div> Duvat, V., A. Anisimov and A. Magnan, 2020a: Assessment of coastal risk reduction and adaptation-labelled responses in Mauritius Island (Indian Ocean). ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''20''' (110), doi:10.1007/s10113-020-01699-2. <div id="Duvat--2019a"></div> Duvat, V. and A. Magnan, 2019a: Rapid human-driven undermining of atoll island capacity to adjust to ocean climate-related pressures. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''9''' (15129), doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51468-3. <div id="Duvat--2016"></div> Duvat, V., et al., 2016: Assessing the impacts of and resilience to Tropical Cyclone Bejisa, Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). ''Nat. Hazards'' , '''83''' (1), 601–640, doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2338-5. <div id="Duvat--2017a"></div> Duvat, V., et al., 2017a: Trajectories of exposure and vulnerability of small islands to climate change. ''Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang.'' , '''8''' (6), doi:10.1002/wcc.478. <div id="Duvat--2019b"></div> Duvat, V. and A.K. Magnan, 2019b: Lessons learnt from coastal risks governance on Reunion Island, Indian Ocean, France. In: ''Facing Hydrometeorological extremes events: a governance issue'' [La Jeunesse, I. and C. Larrue(eds.)]. Wiley-Blackwell, USA. ISBN 978-1119383543. <div id="Duvat--2019a"></div> Duvat, V., et al., 2019a: High human influence on beach response to tropical cyclones in small islands: Saint-Martin Island, Lesser Antilles. ''Geomorphology'' , '''325''' , 70–91, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.09.029. <div id="Duvat--2020b"></div> Duvat, V., et al., 2020b: Contribution of moderate climate events to atoll island building (Fakarava Atoll, French Polynesia). ''Geomorphology'' , '''354''' (107057), doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107057. <div id="Duvat--2017b"></div> Duvat, V., B. Salvat and C. Salmon, 2017b: Drivers of shoreline change in atoll reef islands of the Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. ''Glob. Planet. Change.'' , '''158''' , 134–154, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.09.016. <div id="Duvat--2017c"></div> Duvat, V., N. Volto and C. Salmon, 2017c: Impacts of category 5 tropical cyclone Fantala (April 2016) on Farquhar Atoll, Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean. ''Geomorphology'' , '''298''' , 41–62, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.09.022. <div id="Duvat--2018"></div> Duvat, V.K.E., 2018: A global assessment of atoll island planform changes over the past decades. ''Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang.'' , '''10''' (1), doi:10.1002/wcc.557. <div id="Duvat--2021a"></div> Duvat, V.K.E., et al., 2021a: Risks to future atoll habitability from climate-driven environmental changes. ''WIREs Clim. Chang.'' , doi:10.1002/wcc.700. <div id="Duvat--2019b"></div> Duvat, V.K.E., et al., 2019b: Taking control of human-induced destabilisation of atoll islands: lessons learnt from the Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. ''Sustain. Sci.'' , doi:10.1007/s11625-019-00722-8. <div id="Duvat--2021b"></div> Duvat, V.K.E., et al., 2021b: Understanding interlinkages between long-term trajectory of exposure and vulnerability, path dependency and cascading impacts of disasters in Saint-Martin (Caribbean). ''Glob. Environ. Chang.'' , '''67''' , doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102236. <div id="Ebi--2018"></div> Ebi, K., et al., 2018: Health risks of warming of 1.5°C, 2°C, and higher, above pre-industrial temperatures. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''13''' (6), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac4bd. <div id="Eckstein--2018"></div> Eckstein, D., M. Hutfils and M. Winges, 2018: ''Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events? Weather-related Loss Events in 2017 and 1998 to 2017'' . Germanwatch, Germany. <div id="Elders from Atafu Atoll--2012"></div> [[#Elders%20from%20Atafu%20Atoll--2012|Elders from Atafu Atoll, 2012]] : Echoes at Fishermen’s Rock: Traditional Tokelau fishing. In: ''Knowledges of Nature 4'' [Hooper, A. and I. Tinielu(eds.)]. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 120. <div id="Elliff--2017"></div> Elliff, C. and I. Silva, 2017: Coral reefs as the first line of defense: Shoreline protection in face of climate change. ''Mar. Environ. Res.'' , '''127''' , 148–154, doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.03.007. <div id="Ellison--1993"></div> Ellison, J., 1993: Mangrove Retreat with Rising Sea-level, Bermuda. ''Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.'' , '''37''' , 75–87, doi:10.1006/ecss.1993.1042. <div id="Ellison--2005"></div> Ellison, J., 2005: Holocene palynology and sea-level change in two estuaries in Southern Irian Jaya. ''Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.'' , '''220''' (3-4), 291–309, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.01.008. <div id="Ellison--2015"></div> Ellison, J. and P. Strickland, 2015: Establishing relative sea level trends where a coast lacks a long term tide gauge. ''Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change'' , '''20''' (7), 1211–1227, doi:10.1007/s11027-013-9534-3. <div id="Ellison--2018"></div> Ellison, J.C., 2018: Pacific Island Beaches: Values, Threats and Rehabilitation. In: ''Beach Management Tools - Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies'' [Botero, C., O. Cervantes and C. Finkl(eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 679–700. ISBN 978-3319583037. <div id="Enríquez--2017"></div> Enríquez, A., et al., 2017: Changes in beach shoreline due to sea level rise and waves under climate change scenarios: application to the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). ''Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.'' , '''17''' (7), 1075–1089, doi:10.5194/nhess-17-1075-2017. <div id="Enríquez-de-Salamanca--2018"></div> Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Á., 2018: Vulnerability reduction and adaptation to climate change through watershed management in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. ''GeoJournal'' , '''84''' (4), 1107–1119, doi:10.1007/s10708-018-9914-z. <div id="Eppinga--2018"></div> Eppinga, M. and C. Pucko, 2018: The impact of hurricanse Irma and Maria on the forest ecosystems of Saba and St. Eustatius, north Caribbean. ''Biotropica'' , '''50''' (5), 723–728, doi:10.1111/btp.12600. <div id="Erauskin-Extramiana--2019"></div> Erauskin-Extramiana, M., et al., 2019: Large-scale distribution of tuna species in a warming ocean. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''25''' (6), 2043–2060, doi:10.1111/gcb.14630. <div id="Esteban--2019"></div> Esteban, M., et al., 2019: Adaptation to sea level rise on low coral islands: Lessons from recent events. ''Ocean. Coast. Manag.'' , '''168''' , 35–40, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.10.031. <div id="Esteban--2020"></div> Esteban, M., et al., 2020: Adaptation to sea level rise: Learning from present examples of land subsidence. ''Ocean. Coast. Manag.'' , '''189''' , doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104852. <div id="Etongo--2019"></div> Etongo, D., 2019: Climate Change Adaptation in Seychelles: Actors, Actions, Barriers, Strategies for Improvement. ''Seychelles Res. J.'' , '''1''' (2), 43–66. <div id="Fabian--2013"></div> Fabian, R., M. Beck and D. Potts, 2013: ''Reef Restoration for Coastal Defense: A Review'' . University of California, Santa Cruz, USA. <div id="Fakhruddin--2015"></div> Fakhruddin, S., M. Babel and A. Kawasaki, 2015: Assessing the vulnerability of infrastructure to climate change on the Islands of Samoa. ''Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.'' , '''15''' (6), 1343–1356, doi:10.5194/nhess-15-1343-2015. <div id="Falanruw--2018"></div> Falanruw, M., 2018: Canaries of Civilization: Small Island Vulnerability, Past Adaptations and Sea-Level Rise. In: ''Indigenous Knowledge for Climate Change Assessment and Adaptation'' [Nakashima, D., I. Krupnik and J. Rubis(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, UNESCO, Cambridge, pp. 247–253. ISBN 978-1316481066. <div id="Falcon--2018"></div> Falcon, W. and D. Hansen, 2018: Island rewilding with giant tortoises in an era of climate change. ''Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. B'' , '''373''' (1761), doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0442. <div id="FAO--2016"></div> [[#FAO--2016|FAO, 2016]] : ''Drought characteristics and management in the Caribbean'' . FAO Water Reports, 42. FAO, Rome. <div id="Farbotko--2018"></div> Farbotko, C., 2018: Voluntary immobility: indigenous voices in the Pacific. ''Forced Migr. Rev.'' , '''57''' , 81–83. <div id="Feng--2018"></div> Feng, Y., et al., 2018: Rapid remote sensing assessment of impacts from Hurricane Maria on forests of Puerto Rico. ''Peer J. Prepr.'' , doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.26597v1. <div id="Ferdinand--2018"></div> Ferdinand, M., 2018: Subnational climate justice for the French Outre-mer: postcolonial politics and geography of an epistemic shift. ''Isl. Stud. J.'' , '''13''' (1), 119–134, doi:10.24043/isj.49. <div id="Ferrario--2014"></div> Ferrario, F., et al., 2014: The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''5''' , 3794, doi:10.1038/ncomms4794. <div id="Ferre--2019"></div> Ferre, I., et al., 2019: Hurricane Maria’s Impact on Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico: Community Needs and Mental Health Assessment Six Months Postimpact. ''Dis. Med. Public Health Prep.'' , '''13''' (1), 18–23, doi:10.1017/dmp.2018.103. <div id="Ferreira--2016"></div> Ferreira, M., et al., 2016: Effects of climate change on the distribution of indigenous species in oceanic islands (Azores). ''Clim. Change'' , '''138''' (3-4), 603–615, doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1754-6. <div id="Fickert--2018"></div> Fickert, T., 2018: Better Resilient than Resistant—Regeneration Dynamics of Storm-Disturbed Mangrove Forests on the Bay Island of Guanaja (Honduras) during the First Two Decades after Hurricane Mitch (October 1998). ''Diversity'' , '''10''' (1), doi:10.3390/d10010008. <div id="Filho--2020"></div> Filho, W.L., et al., 2020: Reviewing the role of ecosystems services in the sustainability of the urban environment: A multi-country analysis. ''J. Clean Prod.'' , '''262''' , doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121338. <div id="Filho--2019"></div> Filho, W.L., et al., 2019: Climate Change, Health and Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Trends and Implications to the Pacific Region. ''Int. J. Environ.Res. Public Health'' , '''16''' (24), doi:10.3390/ijerph16245114. <div id="Finucane--2015"></div> Finucane, M.L. and V.W. Keener, 2015: Understanding the climate-sensitive decisions and information needs of island communities. ''J. Indian Ocean. Reg.'' , '''11''' (1), 110–120, doi:10.1080/19480881.2015.1021181. <div id="Fish--2005"></div> Fish, M.R., et al., 2005: Predicting the Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Caribbean Sea Turtle Nesting Habitat. ''Conserv. Biol.'' , '''19''' (2), 482–491, doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00146.x. <div id="Fitzpatrick--2006"></div> Fitzpatrick, S.M., M. Kappers and Q. Kaye, 2006: Coastal Erosion and Site Destruction on Carriacou, West Indies. ''J. Field Archaeol.'' , '''31''' (3), 251–262, doi:10.1179/009346906791071954. <div id="Fleming--2019"></div> Fleming, L., et al., 2019: Urban and rural sanitation in the Solomon Islands: How resilient are these to extreme weather events? ''Sci. Total. Environ.'' , '''683''' , 331–340, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.253. <div id="Foley--2018"></div> Foley, A., 2018: Climate impact assessment and “islandness”. ''Int. J. Clim. Chang. Strateg. Manag.'' , '''10''' (2), 289–302, doi:10.1108/ijccsm-06-2017-0142. <div id="Ford--2012"></div> Ford, M., 2012: Shoreline Changes on an Urban Atoll in the Central Pacific Ocean: Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands. ''J. Coast. Res.'' , '''28''' , 11–22, doi:10.2112/jcoastres-d-11-00008.1. <div id="Ford--2016"></div> Ford, M. and P. Kench, 2016: Spatiotemporal variability of typhoon impacts and relaxation intervals on Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Islands. ''Geology'' , '''44''' (2), 159–162, doi:10.1130/g37402.1. <div id="Ford--2018"></div> Ford, M., M. Merrifield and J. Becker, 2018: Inundation of a low-lying urban atoll island: Majuro, Marshall Islands. ''Nat. Hazards'' , '''91''' (3), 1273–1297, doi:10.1007/s11069-018-3183-5. <div id="Förster--2019"></div> Förster, J., E. McLeod, M. Bruton-Adams and H. Wittmer, 2019: Climate Change Impacts on Small Island States: Ecosystem Services Risks and Opportunities. In: ''Atlas of Ecosystem Services'' [Schroter, M. (ed.)], pp. 353–359. ISBN 978-3319962283. <div id="Fortini--2015"></div> Fortini, L., et al., 2015: Large-Scale Range Collapse of Hawaiian Forest Birds under Climate Change and the Need for 21st Century Conservation Options [corrected]. ''PLoS ONE'' , '''10''' (10), e140389, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140389. <div id="Fox--2019"></div> Fox, M.D., et al., 2019: Limited coral mortality following acute thermal stress and widespread bleaching on Palmyra Atoll, central Pacific. ''Coral Reefs'' , '''38''' (4), 701–712, doi:10.1007/s00338-019-01796-7. <div id="Franks--2016"></div> Franks, J.S., D.R. Johnson and D.S. Ko, 2016: Pelagic Sargassum in the Tropical North Atlantic. ''Gulf Caribb. Res.'' , '''27''' (1), doi:10.18785/gcr.2701.08. <div id="Frauendorf--2020"></div> Frauendorf, T.C., et al., 2020: Using a space-for-time substitution approach to predict the effects of climate change on nutrient cycling in tropical island stream ecosystems. ''Limnol. Oceanogr.'' , '''65''' (12), 3114–3127, doi:10.1002/lno.11577. <div id="Frazier--2019"></div> Frazier, A. and L. Brewington, 2019: Current Changes in Alpine Ecosystems of Pacific Islands. ''Encycl. Worlds Biomes.'' , 607–619, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11881-0. <div id="Friess--2016"></div> Friess, D., 2016: Ecosystem Services and Disservices of Mangrove Forests: Insights from Historical Colonial Observations. ''Forests'' , '''7''' (183), doi:10.3390/f7090183. <div id="Fuentes--2011"></div> Fuentes, M.M.P.B., C.J. Limpus and M. Hamann, 2011: Vulnerability of sea turtle nesting grounds to climate change. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''17''' (1), 140–153, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02192.x. <div id="Gahman--2020"></div> Gahman, L. and G. Thongs, 2020: Development justice, a proposal: Reckoning with disaster, catastrophe, and climate change in the Caribbean. ''Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr.'' , doi:10.1111/tran.12369. <div id="Gaillard--2017"></div> Gaillard, J., et al., 2017: Beyond men and women: a critical perspective on gender and disaster. ''Disasters'' , '''41''' (3), 429–447, doi:10.1111/disa.12209. <div id="Gamble--2017"></div> Gamble, D., D. Burrell, J. Popke and S. Curtis, 2017: Contextual analysis of dynamic drought perception among small farmers in Jamaica. ''Clim. Res.'' , '''74''' (2), 109–120, doi:10.3354/cr01490. <div id="Garcin--2016"></div> Garcin, M., et al., 2016: Lagoon islets as indicators of recent environmental changes in the South Pacific – The New Caledonian example. ''Cont. Shelf Res.'' , '''122''' , 120–140, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2016.03.025. <div id="Gattuso--2015"></div> Gattuso, J., et al., 2015: Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios. ''Science'' , '''349''' (6243), aac4722, doi:10.1126/science.aac4722. <div id="Gero--2015"></div> Gero, A., et al., 2015: Disasters and climate change in the Pacific: adaptive capacity of humanitarian response organizations. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''7''' (1), 35–46, doi:10.1080/17565529.2014.899888. <div id="Gharbaoui--2016"></div> Gharbaoui, D. and J. Blocher, 2016: The Reason Land Matters: Relocation as Adaptation to Climate Change in Fiji Islands. In: ''Migration, Risk Management and Climate Change: Evidence and Policy Responses'' [Milan, A., B. Schraven, K. Warner and N. Cascone(eds.)]. Springer, Cham, pp. 149–173. ISBN 978-3319429205. <div id="Giardino--2018"></div> Giardino, A., K. Nederhoff and M. Vousdoukas, 2018: Coastal hazard risk assessment for small islands: assessing the impact of climate change and disaster reduction measures on Ebeye (Marshall Islands). ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''18''' (8), 2237–2248, doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1353-3. <div id="Gibson--2019"></div> Gibson, K., N. Haslam and I. Kaplan, 2019: Distressing encounters in the context of climate change: Idioms of distress, determinants, and responses to distress in Tuvalu. ''Transcult. Psychiatry'' , '''56''' (4), 667–696, doi:10.1177/1363461519847057. <div id="Gibson--2020"></div> Gibson, K.E., J. Barnett, N. Haslam and I. Kaplan, 2020: The mental health impacts of climate change: Findings from a Pacific Island atoll nation. ''J. Anxiety Disord.'' , '''73''' , doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102237. <div id="Giffin--2020"></div> Giffin, A., et al., 2020: Marine and coastal ecosystem-based adaptation in Asia and Oceania: review of approaches and integration with marine spatial planning. ''Pac. Conserv. Biol.'' , doi:10.1071/pc20025. <div id="Gilman--2007"></div> Gilman, E., J. Ellison, I. Sauni and S. Tuaumu, 2007: Trends in surface elevations of American Samoa mangroves. ''Wetl. Ecol. Manag.'' , '''15''' (5), 391–404, doi:10.1007/s11273-007-9038-6. <div id="Gingerich--2017"></div> Gingerich, S., C. Voss and A. Johnson, 2017: Seawater-flooding events and impact on freshwater lenses of low-lying islands: Controlling factors, basic management and mitigation. ''J. Hydrol.'' , '''551''' , 676–688, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.001. <div id="Gischler--2006"></div> Gischler, E. and R. Kikinger, 2006: Effects of the tsunami of 26 December 2004 on Rasdhoo and Northern Ari Atolls, Maldives. ''Atoll Res. Bull.'' , '''561''' . <div id="Gohar--2019"></div> Gohar, A., A. Cashman and F. Ward, 2019: Managing food and water security in Small Island States: New evidence from economic modelling of climate stressed groundwater resources. ''J. Hydrol.'' , '''569''' , 239–251, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.008. <div id="Golbuu--2007"></div> Golbuu, Y., et al., 2007: Palau’s coral reefs show differential habitat recovery following the 1998-bleaching event. ''Coral Reefs'' , '''26''' (2), 319–332, doi:10.1007/s00338-007-0200-7. <div id="González-Alemán--2019"></div> González-Alemán, J.J., et al., 2019: Potential Increase in Hazard From Mediterranean Hurricane Activity With Global Warming. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' , '''46''' (3), 1754–1764, doi:10.1029/2018gl081253. <div id="Goodman--2012"></div> Goodman, J., et al., 2012: Differential response to soil salinity in endangered key tree cactus: implications for survival in a changing climate. ''Plos One'' , '''7''' (3), e32528, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032528. <div id="Goudie--2014"></div> Goudie, A.S., 2014: Desert dust and human health disorders. ''Environ. Int.'' , '''63''' , 101–113, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011. <div id="Goudie--2020"></div> Goudie, A.S., 2020: Dust storms and human health. In: ''Extreme Weather Events and Human Health: International Case Studies'' [Akhtar, R.(ed.)]. Springer, Cham. ISBN 978-3030237721. <div id="Goulding--2016"></div> Goulding, W., P. Moss and C. McAlpine, 2016: Cascading effects of cyclones on the biodiversity of Southwest Pacific islands. ''Biol. Conserv.'' , '''193''' , 143–152, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.11.022. <div id="Gourlie--2018"></div> Gourlie, D., et al., 2018: Performing “A New Song”: Suggested Considerations for Drafting Effective Coastal Fisheries Legislation Under Climate Change. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''88''' , 342–349, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.06.012. <div id="Gracia--2018"></div> Gracia, A., N. Rangel-Buitrago, J.A. Oakley and A.T. Williams, 2018: Use of ecosystems in coastal erosion management. ''Ocean. Coast. Manag.'' , '''156''' , 277–289, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.07.009. <div id="Grady--2013"></div> Grady, A., et al., 2013: The influence of sea level rise and changes in fringing reef morphology on gradients in alongshore sediment transport. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' , '''40''' (12), 3096–3101, doi:10.1002/grl.50577. <div id="Graham--2015"></div> Graham, N., et al., 2015: Predicting climate-driven regime shifts versus rebound potential in coral reefs. ''Nature'' , '''518''' (7537), 94–97, doi:10.1038/nature14140. <div id="Granderson--2017"></div> Granderson, A., 2017: The Role of Traditional Knowledge in Building Adaptive Capacity for Climate Change: Perspectives from Vanuatu. ''Weather. Clim. Soc.'' , '''9''' (3), 545–561, doi:10.1175/wcas-d-16-0094.1. <div id="Group--2015"></div> Group, W.B., 2015: ''CIF Pilot Program for Climate Resilience'' . <div id="Guido--2018"></div> Guido, Z., et al., 2018: The stresses and dynamics of smallholder coffee systems in Jamaica’s Blue Mountains: a case for the potential role of climate services. ''Clim. Change'' , '''147''' (1-2), 253–266, doi:10.1007/s10584-017-2125-7. <div id="Guilyardi--2016"></div> Guilyardi, E., et al., 2016: Fourth CLIVAR Workshop on the Evaluation of ENSO Processes in Climate Models: ENSO in a Changing Climate. ''Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.'' , '''97''' (5), 817–820, doi:10.1175/bams-d-15-00287.1. <div id="Ha’apio--2019"></div> Ha’apio, M.O., R. Gonzalez and M. Wairiu, 2019: Is there any chance for the poor to cope with extreme environmental events? Two case studies in the Solomon Islands. ''World Dev.'' , '''122''' , 514–524, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.023. <div id="Habel--2020"></div> Habel, S., C.H. Fletcher, T.R. Anderson and P.R. Thompson, 2020: Sea-Level Rise Induced Multi-Mechanism Flooding and Contribution to Urban Infrastructure Failure. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''10''' (1), 3796, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60762-4. <div id="Hagedoorn--2019"></div> Hagedoorn, L., et al., 2019: Community-based adaptation to climate change in small island developing states: an analysis of the role of social capital. ''Clim. Dev.'' , 1–12, doi:10.1080/17565529.2018.1562869. <div id="Haines--2019"></div> Haines, S., 2019: Managing expectations: articulating expertise in climate services for agriculture in Belize. ''Clim. Chang.'' , '''157''' , 43–59, doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2357-1. <div id="Hambleton--2020"></div> Hambleton, I.R., S.M. Jeyaseelan and M.M. Murphy, 2020: COVID-19 in the Caribbean small island developing states: lessons learnt from extreme weather events. ''Lancet Glob. Health'' , '''8''' (9), e1114–e1115, doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30291-6. <div id="Hampton--2020"></div> Hampton, M.P. and J. Jeyacheya, 2020: Tourism-Dependent Small Islands, Inclusive Growth, and the Blue Economy. ''One Earth'' , '''2''' (1), 8–10, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.017. <div id="Handmer--2017"></div> Handmer, J. and H. Iveson, 2017: Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu: learning from the low death toll. ''Aust. J. Emerg. Manag.'' , '''32''' (2), 60–65. <div id="Handmer--2019"></div> Handmer, J. and J. Nalau, 2019: Understanding Loss and Damage in Pacific Small Island Developing States. In: ''Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Concepts, Methods and Policy Options'' [Mechler, R., L. Bouwer, T. Schinko, S. Surminski and J. Linnerooth-Bayer(eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 365–381. ISBN 978-3319720258. <div id="Hanich--2018"></div> Hanich, Q., et al., 2018: Small-scale fisheries under climate change in the Pacific Islands region. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''88''' , 279–284, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.011. <div id="Hansen--2015"></div> Hansen, G. and W. Cramer, 2015: Global distribution of observed climate change impacts. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''5''' (3), 182–185, doi:10.1038/nclimate2529. <div id="Harris--2018"></div> Harris, D., et al., 2018: Coral reef structural complexity provides important coastal protection from waves under rising sea levels. ''Sci. Adv.'' , '''4''' . DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao4350. <div id="Harter--2015"></div> Harter, D., et al., 2015: Impacts of global climate change on the floras of oceanic islands – Projections, implications and current knowledge. ''Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst.'' , '''17''' (2), 160–183, doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2015.01.003. <div id="Hassanali--2020"></div> Hassanali, K., 2020: CARICOM and the blue economy – Multiple understandings and their implications for global engagement. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''120''' , doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104137. <div id="Hay--2013"></div> Hay, J., 2013: Small island developing states: coastal systems, global change and sustainability. ''Sustain. Sci.'' , '''8''' (3), 309–326, doi:10.1007/s11625-013-0214-8. <div id="Hay--2019a"></div> Hay, J., V. Duvat and A.K. Magnan, 2019a: Trends in Vulnerability to Climate-related Hazards in the Pacific: Research, Understanding and Implications. In: ''The Oxford Handbook of Planning for Climate Change Hazards'' [Pfeffer, T., J. Smith and K. Ebi(eds.)]. Oxford University Press, New York. <div id="Hay--2019b"></div> Hay, J., P. Hartley and J. Roop, 2019b: Climate risk assessments and management options for redevelopment of the Parliamentary Complex in Samoa, South Pacific. ''Weather. Clim. Extrem.'' , '''25''' , doi:10.1016/j.wace.2019.100214. <div id="Haynes--2020"></div> Haynes, E., et al., 2020: Food Sources and Dietary Quality in Small Island Developing States: Development of Methods and Policy Relevant Novel Survey Data from the Pacific and Caribbean. ''Nutrients'' , '''12''' (11), doi:10.3390/nu12113350. <div id="Hayward--2019"></div> Hayward, B., D.H. Salili, L.L. Tupuana’i and J. Tualamali’i, 2019: It’s not “too late”: Learning from Pacific Small Island Developing States in a warming world. ''WIREs Clim. Chang.'' , '''11''' (1), doi:10.1002/wcc.612. <div id="Hejnowicz--2015"></div> Hejnowicz, A., H. Kennedy, M. Rudd and M. Huxham, 2015: Harnessing the climate mitigation, conservation and poverty alleviation potential of seagrasses: prospects for developing blue carbon initiatives and payment for ecosystem service programmes. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''2''' (32), doi:10.3389/fmars.2015.00032. <div id="Heller--2009"></div> Heller, N. and E. Zavaleta, 2009: Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: A review of 22 years of recommendations. ''Biol. Conserv.'' , '''142''' (1), 14–32, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.006. <div id="Hellmann--2008"></div> Hellmann, J., J. Byers, B. Bierwagen and J. Dukes, 2008: Five potential consequences of climate change for invasive species. ''Conserv. Biol.'' , '''22''' (3), 534–543, doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00951.x. <div id="Hemstock--2018"></div> Hemstock, S., et al., 2018: Professionalizing the “resilience” sector in the Pacific Islands Region: Formal education for capacity building. In: ''A Critical Approach to Climate Change Adaptation: Discourses, Policies and Practices'' Routledge Advances in Climate Change Research, Routledge, UK. ISBN 978-1138056299. <div id="Hermann--2017"></div> Hermann, E. and W. Kempf, 2017: Climate Change and the Imagining of Migration: Emerging Discourses on Kiribati’s Land Purchase in Fiji. ''Contemp. Pac.'' , '''29''' (2), 231–263, doi:10.1353/cp.2017.0030. <div id="Hermes--2019"></div> Hermes, J., et al., 2019: A Sustained Ocean Observing System in the Indian Ocean for Climate Related Scientific Knowledge and Societal Needs. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''6''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00355. <div id="Hernan--2017"></div> Hernan, G., et al., 2017: Future warmer seas: increased stress and susceptibility to grazing in seedlings of a marine habitat-forming species. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''23''' (11), 4530–4543, doi:10.1111/gcb.13768. <div id="Hernandez-Delgado--2015"></div> Hernandez-Delgado, E., 2015: The emerging threats of climate change on tropical coastal ecosystem services, public health, local economies and livelihood sustainability of small islands: Cumulative impacts and synergies. ''Mar. Pollut. Bull.'' , '''101''' (1), 5–28, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.018. <div id="Herrera--2017"></div> Herrera, D. and T. Ault, 2017: Insights from a New High-Resolution Drought Atlas for the Caribbean Spanning 1950–2016. ''J. Climate'' , '''30''' (19), 7801–7825, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0838.1. <div id="Hess--2017"></div> Hess, J. and I. Kelman, 2017: Tourism Industry Financing of Climate Change Adaptation: Exploring the Potential in Small Island Developing States. ''Clim. Dis. Dev. J.'' , '''2''' (2), 34–45, doi:10.18783/cddj.v002.i02.a04. <div id="Hickey--2020"></div> Hickey, G.M. and N. Unwin, 2020: Addressing the triple burden of malnutrition in the time of COVID-19 and climate change in Small Island Developing States: what role for improved local food production? ''Food Sec.'' , 1–5, doi:10.1007/s12571-020-01066-3. <div id="Hills--2018"></div> Hills, J., E. Michalena and K. Chalvatzis, 2018: Innovative Technology in the Pacific: Building Resilience for Vulnerable Communities. ''Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change'' , '''129''' , 16–26, doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.01.008. <div id="Hinkel--2018"></div> Hinkel, J., et al., 2018: The ability of societies to adapt to twenty-first-century sea-level rise. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''8''' (7), 570–578, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0176-z. <div id="Hino--2017"></div> Hino, M., C. Field and K. Mach, 2017: Managed retreat as a response to natural hazard risk. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''7''' (5), 364–370, doi:10.1038/nclimate3252. <div id="Hiwasaki--2014"></div> Hiwasaki, L., L. Syamsidik and R. Shaw, 2014: Process for integrating local and indigenous knowledge with science for hydro-meteorological disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in coastal and small island communities. ''Int. J. Dis. Risk Reduct.'' , '''10''' , 15–27, doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.07.007. <div id="Hoegh-Guldberg--2018"></div> Hoegh-Guldberg, O., D. Jacob, M. Taylor, M. Bindi, S. Brown, I. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K.L. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J. Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, A. Payne, S.I. Seneviratne, A. Thomas, R. Warren, and G. Zhou, 2018: Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems. In: ''Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In press. <div id="Hoegh-Guldberg--2019"></div> Hoegh-Guldberg, O., et al., 2019: The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5°C. ''Science'' , '''365''' (6459), doi:10.1126/science.aaw6974. <div id="Hoegh-Guldberg--2017"></div> Hoegh-Guldberg, O., E. Poloczanska, W. Skirving and S. Dove, 2017: Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''4''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00158. <div id="Hoeke--2015"></div> Hoeke, R., K. McInnes and J. O’Grady, 2015: Wind and Wave Setup Contributions to Extreme Sea Levels at a Tropical High Island: A Stochastic Cyclone Simulation Study for Apia, Samoa. ''J. Mar. Sci. Eng.'' , '''3''' (3), 1117–1135, doi:10.3390/jmse3031117. <div id="Hoeke--2021"></div> Hoeke, R.K., H. Damlamian, J. Aucan and M. Wandres, 2021: Severe Flooding in the Atoll Nations of Tuvalu and Kiribati Triggered by a Distant Tropical Cyclone Pam. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''7''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.539646. <div id="Hoeke--2013"></div> Hoeke, R.K., et al., 2013: Widespread inundation of Pacific islands triggered by distant-source wind-waves. ''Glob. Planet. Change.'' , '''108''' , 128–138, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.06.006. <div id="Hof--2014"></div> Hof, A., M. Blazquez-Salom, M. Colom and A. Periz, 2014: Chapter 9: Challenges and Solutions for Urban-Tourist Water Supply on Mediterranean Tourist Islands: The Case of Majorca, Spain. In: ''The Global Water System in the Anthropocene'' [Bhaduri, A., J. Bogardi, J. Leentvaar and S. Marx(eds.)]. Springer, Charm. <div id="Hofmann--2014"></div> Hofmann, R., 2014: Culturecide in changing Micronesian climates? About the unintenionality of climate change. ''Int. J. Hum. Rights'' , '''18''' (3), 336–349, doi:10.1080/13642987.2014.914707. <div id="Hofmann--2017"></div> Hofmann, R., 2017: Experiencing environmental dynamics in Chuuk, Micronesia. In: ''Environmental Transformations and Cultural Responses: Ontologies, Discourses, and Practices in Oceania'' [Durr, E. and A. Pascht )](eds.)]. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, USA. pp. 75–102. <div id="Holding--2016"></div> Holding, S., et al., 2016: Groundwater vulnerability on small islands. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''6''' (12), 1100–1103, doi:10.1038/nclimate3128. <div id="Hopley--2007"></div> Hopley, D., S. Smithers and K. Parnell, 2007: ''Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: Development, Diversity and Change'' . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, ISBN 978-0511535543. <div id="Hu--2018"></div> Hu, T. and R. Smith, 2018: The Impact of Hurricane Maria on the Vegetation of Dominica and Puerto Rico Using Multispectral Remote Sensing. ''Remote Sens'' , '''10''' (6), doi:10.3390/rs10060827. <div id="Hughes--2018"></div> Hughes, T., et al., 2018: Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. ''Science'' , '''359''' (6371), 80–83, doi:10.1126/science.aan8048. <div id="Hughes--2017a"></div> Hughes, T., et al., 2017a: Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. ''Nature'' , '''546''' (7656), 82–90, doi:10.1038/nature22901. <div id="Hughes--2017b"></div> Hughes, T., et al., 2017b: Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. ''Nature'' , '''543''' (7645), 373–377, doi:10.1038/nature21707. <div id="Hulland--2019"></div> Hulland, E., et al., 2019: Increase in Reported Cholera Cases in Haiti Following Hurricane Matthew: An Interrupted Time Series Model. ''Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.'' , '''100''' (2), 368–373, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0964. <div id="Iese--2020"></div> Iese, V., et al., 2020: Agriculture Under a Changing Climate. In: ''Climate Change and Impacts in the Pacific'' [Kumar, L.(ed.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 323–358. ISBN 978-3030328771. <div id="Iese--2021a"></div> Iese, V., et al., 2021a: Historical and future drought impacts in the Pacific islands and atolls. ''Clim. Change'' , '''166''' (1-2), doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03112-1. <div id="IPBES--2018"></div> [[#IPBES--2018|IPBES, 2018]] : ''The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and restoration'' Montanarella, L., R. Scholes and A. Brainich. Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany. <div id="IPBES--2019"></div> [[#IPBES--2019|IPBES, 2019]] : ''Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services'' Díaz, S., J. Settele, B. E.S., H. Ngo, M. Guèze, J. Agard, A. Arneth, P. Balvanera, K. Brauman, S. Butchart, K. Chan, L. Garibaldi, K. Ichii, J. Liu, S. Subramanian, G. Midgley, P. Miloslavich, Z. Molnár, D. Obura, A. Pfaff, S. Polasky, A. Purvis, J. Razzaque, B. Reyers, R. Roy Chowdhury, Y. Shin, I. Visseren-Hamakers, K. Willis and C. Zayas. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 56 pp. <div id="IPCC--2018"></div> [[#IPCC--2018|IPCC, 2018]] : ''Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the globalresponse to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty'' Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H. O. Portner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Pean, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor and T. Waterfield. <div id="IPCC--2019"></div> [[#IPCC--2019|IPCC, 2019]] : ''Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [Pörtner, H. O., D. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, Y. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama and N. Weyer (eds.)] In press. <div id="Islam--2020"></div> Islam, M.S. and E. Kieu, 2020: Tackling Regional Climate Change Impacts and Food Security Issues: A Critical Analysis across ASEAN, PIF, and SAARC. ''Sustainability'' , '''12''' (3), doi:10.3390/su12030883. <div id="Jackson--2012"></div> Jackson, C., D. Bush and W. Neal, 2012: Documenting beach loss in front of seawalls in Puerto Rico: pitfalls of engineering a small Island nation shore. In: ''Pitfalls of Shoreline Stabilization'' [Cooper, J.A.G. and O.H. Pilkey )](eds.)]. Springer, Netherlands. <div id="Jamero--2017"></div> Jamero, M.L., et al., 2017: Small-island communities in the Philippines prefer local measures to relocation in response to sea-level rise. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''7''' (8), 581–586, doi:10.1038/nclimate3344. <div id="Janif--2016"></div> Janif, S., et al., 2016: Value of traditional oral narratives in building climate-change resilience: insights from rural communities in Fiji. ''Ecol. Soc.'' , '''21''' (2), doi:10.5751/ES-08100-210207. <div id="Jeanne--2018"></div> Jeanne, I., et al., 2018: Mapping a Plasmodium transmission spatial suitability index in Solomon Islands: a malaria monitoring and control tool. ''Malar. J.'' , '''17''' (1), 381, doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2521-0. <div id="Jimenez-Ramos--2017"></div> Jimenez-Ramos, R., et al., 2017: Global and local disturbances interact to modify seagrass palatability. ''PLoS ONE'' , '''12''' (8), e183256, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183256. <div id="Johnston--2014"></div> Johnston, I., 2014: Disaster management and climate change adaptation: a remote island perspective. ''Disaster Prev. Manag.'' , '''23''' (2), 123–137, doi:10.1108/dpm-06-2013-0096. <div id="Johnston--2015"></div> Johnston, I., 2015: Traditional warning signs of cyclones on remote islands in Fiji and Tonga. ''Environ. Hazards'' , '''14''' (3), 210–223, doi:10.1080/17477891.2015.1046156. <div id="Johnston--2015"></div> Johnston, M.W. and S.J. Purkis, 2015: Hurricanes accelerated the Florida-Bahamas lionfish invasion. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''21''' (6), 2249–2260, doi:10.1111/gcb.12874. <div id="Jones--2016"></div> Jones, H., et al., 2016: Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains. ''PNAS'' , '''113''' (15), 4033–4038, doi:10.1073/pnas.1521179113. <div id="Jones--2015"></div> Jones, P., et al., 2015: Long-term trends in precipitation and temperature across the Caribbean. ''Int. J. Climatol.'' , '''36''' (9), 3314–3333, doi:10.1002/joc.4557. <div id="Jones--2019"></div> Jones, R., 2019: Climate change and Indigenous Health Promotion. ''Glob. Health Promot.'' , '''26''' (3_suppl), 73–81, doi:10.1177/1757975919829713. <div id="Joseph--2019"></div> Joseph, L., et al., 2019: Implications of Seagrass Ecosystem Degradation on Marine Resources and People’s Livelihood: A Case Study from Komave Village, Fiji. ''Asian J. Fish. Aquat. Res.'' , '''2''' (3), 1–13, doi:10.9734/AJFAR/2018/v2i330011. <div id="Jury--2018"></div> Jury, M.R., 2018: Characteristics and Meteorology of Atlantic Swells Reaching the Caribbean. ''J. Coast. Res.'' , '''342''' , 400–412, doi:10.2112/jcoastres-d-17-00029.1. <div id="Kane--2020"></div> Kane, H.H. and C.H. Fletcher, 2020: Rethinking Reef Island Stability in Relation to Anthropogenic Sea Level Rise. ''Earths Future'' , '''8''' (10), doi:10.1029/2020ef001525. <div id="Karlsson--2015"></div> Karlsson, M. and G. Hovelsrud, 2015: Local collective action: Adaptation to coastal erosion in the Monkey River Village, Belize. ''Glob. Environ. Chang.'' , '''32''' , 96–107, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.002. <div id="Karlsson--2020"></div> Karlsson, M. and E. McLean, 2020: Caribbean Small-Scale Fishers’ Strategies for Extreme Weather Events: Lessons for Adaptive Capacity from the Dominican Republic and Belize. ''Coast. Manag.'' , '''48''' (5), 456–480, doi:10.1080/08920753.2020.1795971. <div id="Karnauskas--2016"></div> Karnauskas, K., J. Donnelly and K. Anchukaitis, 2016: Future freshwater stress for island populations. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''6''' (7), 720–725, doi:10.1038/nclimate2987. <div id="Karnauskas--2018"></div> Karnauskas, K., C. Schleussner, J. Donnelly and K. Anchukaitis, 2018: Freshwater stress on small island developing states: population projections and aridity changes at 1.5 and 2°C. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''18''' (8), 2273–2282, doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1331-9. <div id="Katircioglu--2019"></div> Katircioglu, S., M. Cizreliogullari and S. Katircioglu, 2019: Estimating the role of climate changes on international tourist flows: evidence from Mediterranean Island States. ''Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.'' , '''26''' (14), 14393–14399, doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04750-w. <div id="Katovai--2015"></div> Katovai, E., D.D. Katovai, W. Edwards and W.F. Laurance, 2015: Forest Structure, Plant Diversity and Local Endemism in a Highly Varied New Guinea Landscape. ''Trop. Conserv. Sci.'' , '''8''' (2), 284–300, doi:10.1177/194008291500800202. <div id="Kauffman--2010"></div> Kauffman, J.B. and T.G. Cole, 2010: Micronesian Mangrove Forest Structure and Tree Responses to a Severe Typhoon. ''Wetlands'' , '''30''' (6), 1077–1084, doi:10.1007/s13157-010-0114-y. <div id="Kayanne--2016"></div> Kayanne, H., et al., 2016: Eco-geomorphic processes that maintain a small coral reef island: Ballast Island in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. ''Geomorphology'' , '''271''' , 84–93, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.021. <div id="Keen--2019"></div> Keen, M. and J. Connell, 2019: Regionalism and Resilience? Meeting Urban Challenges in Pacific Island States. ''Urban Policy Res.'' , '''37''' (3), 324–337, doi:10.1080/08111146.2019.1626710. <div id="Keen--2018"></div> Keen, M., A. Schwarz and L. Wini-Simeon, 2018: Towards defining the Blue Economy: Practical lessons from pacific ocean governance. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''88''' , 333–341, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.002. <div id="Kelaher--2018"></div> Kelaher, B., M. Coleman and M. Bishop, 2018: Ocean warming, but not acidification, accelerates seagrass decomposition under near-future climate scenarios. ''Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.'' , '''605''' , 103–110, doi:10.3354/meps12762. <div id="Kelman--2014"></div> Kelman, I., 2014: No change from climate change: vulnerability and small island developing states. ''Geogr. J.'' , '''180''' (2), 120–129, doi:10.1111/geoj.12019. <div id="Kelman--2015a"></div> Kelman, I., 2015a: Difficult decisions: Migration from Small Island Developing States under climate change. ''Earths Future'' , '''3''' (4), 133–142, doi:10.1002/2014ef000278. <div id="Kelman--2015b"></div> Kelman, I., 2015b: Disaster Risk Governance for Pacific Island Communities. ''Asia Pacific J.'' , '''13''' (48). <div id="Kelman--2018"></div> Kelman, I., 2018: Islandness within climate change narratives of small island developing states (SIDS). ''Isl. Stud. J.'' , '''13''' (1), 149–166, doi:10.24043/isj.52. <div id="Kelman--2017"></div> Kelman, I., et al., 2017: Here and now: perceptions of Indian Ocean islanders on the climate change and migration nexus. ''Geogr. Ann. Ser. B Hum. Geogr.'' , '''99''' (3), 284–303, doi:10.1080/04353684.2017.1353888. <div id="Kench--2012"></div> Kench, P., 2012: Compromising Reef Island Shoreline Dynamics: Legacies of the Engineering Paradigm in the Maldives. In: ''Pitfalls of Shoreline Stabilization: Selected Case Studies'' [Cooper, J. and O. Pilkey(eds.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 165–186. ISBN 978-9400741225. <div id="Kench--2018"></div> Kench, P., M. Ford and S. Owen, 2018: Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''9''' (1), 605, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1. <div id="Kench--2017"></div> Kench, P. and T. Mann, 2017: Reef Island Evolution and Dynamics: Insights from the Indian and Pacific Oceans and Perspectives for the Spermonde Archipelago. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''4''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00145. <div id="Kench--2015"></div> Kench, P., et al., 2015: Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll. ''Geology'' , '''43''' (6), 515–518, doi:10.1130/g36555.1. <div id="Kendrick--2019"></div> Kendrick, G.A., et al., 2019: A Systematic Review of How Multiple Stressors From an Extreme Event Drove Ecosystem-Wide Loss of Resilience in an Iconic Seagrass Community. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''6''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00455. <div id="Keppel--2014"></div> Keppel, G., C. Morrison, J. Meyer and H. Boehmer, 2014: Isolated and vulnerable: the history and future of Pacific Island terrestrial biodiversity. ''Pac. Conserv. Biol.'' , '''20''' (2). <div id="Khan--2015"></div> Khan, A. and V. Amelie, 2015: Assessing climate change readiness in Seychelles: implications for ecosystem-based adaptation mainstreaming and marine spatial planning. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''15''' (4), 721–733, doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0662-4. <div id="Kibler--2015"></div> Kibler, S., et al., 2015: Effects of ocean warming on growth and distribution of dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera fish poisoning in the Caribbean. ''Ecol. Model.'' , '''316''' , 194–210, doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.08.020. <div id="Kiddle--2017"></div> Kiddle, G., et al., 2017: Unpacking the Pacific Urban Agenda: Resilience Challenges and Opportunities. ''Sustainability'' , '''9''' (10), doi:10.3390/su9101878. <div id="Kim--2019"></div> Kim, K. and L. Bui, 2019: Learning from Hurricane Maria: Island ports and supply chain resilience. ''Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct.'' , '''39''' (101244), doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101244. <div id="Kim--2015"></div> Kim, R., A. Costello and D. Campbell-Lendrum, 2015: Climate change and health in Pacific island states. ''Bull. From World Health Organ.'' , '''93''' (12), 819, doi:10.2471/BLT.15.166199. <div id="Kishore--2018"></div> Kishore, N., et al., 2018: Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. ''N. Engl J. Med.'' , '''379''' (2), 162–170, doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1803972. <div id="Klomp--2017"></div> Klomp, J., 2017: Flooded with debt. ''J. Int. Money Finance'' , '''73''' , 93–103, doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.01.006. <div id="Knutson--2019"></div> Knutson, T., et al., 2019: Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part I: Detection and Attribution. ''Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.'' , '''100''' (10), 1987–2007, doi:10.1175/bams-d-18-0189.1. <div id="Koester--2020"></div> Koester, A., et al., 2020: Early trajectories of benthic coral reef communities following the 2015/16 coral bleaching event at remote Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''10''' (1), 17034, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74077-x. <div id="Koide--2017"></div> Koide, D., et al., 2017: An upward elevation shift of native and non-native vascular plants over 40 years on the island of Hawaii. ''J. Veg. Sci.'' , '''28''' (5), 939–950, doi:10.1111/jvs.12549. <div id="Kossin--2016"></div> Kossin, J., K. Emanuel and S. Camargo, 2016: Past and Projected Changes in Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Exposure. ''J. Climate'' , '''29''' (16), 5725–5739, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0076.1. <div id="Kossin--2020"></div> Kossin, J., K. Knapp, T. Olander and C. Velden, 2020: Global increase in major tropical cyclone exceedance probability over the past four decades. ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A'' , '''117''' (22), 11975–11980, doi:10.1073/pnas.2021573117. <div id="Kossin--2017"></div> Kossin, J.P., et al., 2017: Extreme Storms. In: ''Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment'' [Wuebbles, D.J., et al.(ed.)], U.S. Global Change Research Program, Vol. 1, Washington D.C., pp. 257–276. <div id="Kotsinas--2020"></div> Kotsinas, M., 2020: Climate (In)justice: An Intersectional Feminist Analysis of Disaster Management in Antigua and Barbuda in the Aftermath of Hurricane Irma. ''Polit. IAPSS J. Polit. Sci.'' , '''47''' , 7–35, doi:10.22151/politikon.47.1. <div id="Koutroulis--2016"></div> Koutroulis, A., et al., 2016: Cross sectoral impacts on water availability at +2°C and +3°C for east Mediterranean island states: The case of Crete. ''J. Hydrol.'' , '''532''' , 16–28, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.015. <div id="Krauss--2010"></div> Krauss, K.W., et al., 2010: Surface Elevation Change and Susceptibility of Different Mangrove Zones to Sea-Level Rise on Pacific High Islands of Micronesia. ''Ecosystems'' , '''13''' (1), 129–143, doi:10.1007/s10021-009-9307-8. <div id="Krushelnycky--2012"></div> Krushelnycky, P.D., et al., 2012: Climate-associated population declines reverse recovery and threaten future of an iconic high-elevation plant. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''19''' (3), 911–922, doi:10.1111/gcb.12111. <div id="Kuleshov--2020"></div> Kuleshov, Y., P. Gregory, A.B. Watkins and R.J.B. Fawcett, 2020: Tropical cyclone early warnings for the regions of the Southern Hemisphere: strengthening resilience to tropical cyclones in small island developing states and least developed countries. ''Nat. Hazards'' , '''104''' (2), 1295–1313, doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04214-2. <div id="Kuleshov--2014"></div> Kuleshov, Y., et al., 2014: Extreme Weather and Climate Events and Their Impacts on Island Countries in the Western Pacific: Cyclones, Floods and Droughts. ''Atmospheric Clim. Sci.'' , '''04''' (05), 803–818, doi:10.4236/acs.2014.45071. <div id="Kulp--2019"></div> Kulp, S. and B. Strauss, 2019: New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''10''' (4844), doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z. <div id="Kumar--2018"></div> Kumar, L., et al., 2018: An indicative index of physical susceptibility of small islands to coastal erosion induced by climate change: an application to the Pacific islands. ''Geomatics Nat. Hazards Risk'' , '''9''' (1), 691–702, doi:10.1080/19475705.2018.1455749. <div id="Kumar--2020"></div> Kumar, L., et al., 2020: ''Climate Change and Impacts in the Pacific'' , 1st edn., Springer, Berlin. 557 pp. <div id="Kumar--2015"></div> Kumar, L. and S. Taylor, 2015: Exposure of coastal built assets in the South Pacific to climate risks. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''5''' (11), 992–996, doi:10.1038/nclimate2702. <div id="Kumar--2017"></div> Kumar, L. and M. Tehrany, 2017: Climate change impacts on the threatened terrestrial vertebrates of the Pacific Islands. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''7''' (5030), doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05034-4. <div id="Kuruppu--2015"></div> Kuruppu, N. and R. Willie, 2015: Barriers to reducing climate enhanced disaster risks in Least Developed Country-Small Islands through anticipatory adaptation. ''Weather. Clim. Extrem.'' , '''7''' , 72–83, doi:10.1016/j.wace.2014.06.001. <div id="Laczko--2014"></div> Laczko, F. and E. Piguet, 2014: Regional Perspectives on Migration, the Environment and Climate Change. In: ''People on the Move in a Changing Climate: The regional impact of environmental change on migration'' [Piguet, E. and F. Laczko(eds.)]. Springer, Cham. <div id="Lal--2019"></div> Lal, A. and B. Datta, 2019: Multi-objective groundwater management strategy under uncertainties for sustainable control of saltwater intrusion: Solution for an island country in the South Pacific. ''J. Environ. Manag.'' , '''234''' , 115–130, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.054. <div id="Lallo--2018"></div> Lallo, C.H.O., et al., 2018: Characterizing heat stress on livestock using the temperature humidity index (THI)—prospects for a warmer Caribbean. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''18''' (8), 2329–2340, doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1359-x. <div id="Laloë--2016"></div> Laloë, J.-O., N. Esteban, J. Berkel and G.C. Hays, 2016: Sand temperatures for nesting sea turtles in the Caribbean: Implications for hatchling sex ratios in the face of climate change. ''J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.'' , '''474''' , 92–99, doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.09.015. <div id="Lama--2018"></div> Lama, P., 2018: Gendered consequences of mobility for adaptation in small island developing states: case studies from Maafushi and Kudafari in the Maldives. ''Isl. Stud. J.'' , '''13''' (2), 111–128, doi:10.24043/isj.64. <div id="Lang’at--2014"></div> Lang’at, J.K., et al., 2014: Rapid losses of surface elevation following tree girdling and cutting in tropical mangroves. ''Plos One'' , '''9''' (9), e107868, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107868. <div id="Lashley--2013"></div> Lashley, J. and K. Warner, 2013: Evidence of demand for microinsurance for coping and adaptation to weather extremes in the Caribbean. ''Clim. Change'' , '''133''' (1), 101–112, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0922-1. <div id="Lasso--2018"></div> Lasso, A. and H. Dahles, 2018: Are tourism livelihoods sustainable? Tourism development and economic transformation on Komodo Island, Indonesia. ''Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res.'' , '''23''' (5), 473–485, doi:10.1080/10941665.2018.1467939. <div id="Layne--2017"></div> Layne, D., 2017: Impacts of Climate Change on Tourism in the Coastal and Marine Enviornments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS). In: ''Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card: Science Review 2017'' [Buckley, P., et al. <div id="Lazenby--2018"></div> Lazenby, M.J., M.C. Todd, R. Chadwick and Y. Wang, 2018: Future Precipitation Projections over Central and Southern Africa and the Adjacent Indian Ocean: What Causes the Changes and the Uncertainty? ''J. Climate'' , '''31''' (12), 4807–4826, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0311.1. <div id="Lazrus--2015"></div> Lazrus, H., 2015: Risk Perception and Climate Adaptation in Tuvalu: A Combined Cultural Theory and Traditional Knowledge Approach. ''Hum. Organ.'' , '''74''' (1), doi:10.17730/humo.74.1.q0667716284749m8. <div id="Le Dé--2018"></div> Le Dé, L., T. Rey, F. Leone and D. Gilbert, 2018: Sustainable livelihoods and effectiveness of disaster responses: a case study of tropical cyclone Pam in Vanuatu. ''Nat. Hazards'' , '''91''' (3), 1203–1221, doi:10.1007/s11069-018-3174-6. <div id="Lee--2018"></div> Lee, S., S. Wu and A. Li, 2018: Low-carbon tourism of small islands responding to climate change. ''World. Leis. J.'' , '''60''' (3), 235–245, doi:10.1080/16078055.2018.1496530. <div id="Lehner--2017"></div> Lehner, F., et al., 2017: Projected drought risk in 1.5°C and 2°C warmer climates. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' , '''44''' (14), 7419–7428, doi:10.1002/2017gl074117. <div id="Lemahieu--2018"></div> Lemahieu, A., et al., 2018: Local perceptions of environmental changes in fishing communities of southwest Madagascar. ''Ocean. Coast. Manag.'' , '''163''' , 209–221, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.06.012. <div id="Lichtveld--2018"></div> Lichtveld, M., 2018: Disasters Through the Lens of Disparities: Elevate Community Resilience as an Essential Public Health Service. ''Am. J. Public Health'' , '''108''' (1), 28–30, doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304193. <div id="Lieber--2020"></div> Lieber, M., et al., 2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the impact of droughts, flooding, and climate variability on malnutrition. ''Glob. Public Health'' , 1–15, doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1860247. <div id="Lix--2016"></div> Lix, J.K., et al., 2016: Differential bleaching of corals based on El Nino type and intensity in the Andaman Sea, southeast Bay of Bengal. ''Environ. Monit. Assess.'' , '''188''' (3), 175, doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5176-8. <div id="Loehr--2019"></div> Loehr, J., 2019: The Vanuatu Tourism Adaptation System: a holistic approach to reducing climate risk. ''J. Sustain. Tour.'' , '''28''' (4), 515–534, doi:10.1080/09669582.2019.1683185. <div id="Loehr--2020"></div> Loehr, J., S. Becken, J. Nalau and B. Mackey, 2020: Exploring the multiple benefits of ecosystem-based adaptation for climate risks and destination well-being. ''J. Hosp. Tour. Res.'' , https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020944438 <div id="Look--2019"></div> Look, C., E. Friedman and G. Godbout, 2019: The Resilience of Land Tenure Regimes During Hurricane Irma: How Colonial Legacies Impact Disaster Response and Recovery in Antigua and Barbuda. ''J. Extrem. Events'' , '''06''' (01), doi:10.1142/s2345737619400049. <div id="Lopez-Candales--2018"></div> Lopez-Candales, A., D.F. Hernandez-Suarez, A.D. Osterman-Pla and J.G. Conde-Santiago, 2018: A Reminder From the Devastation Hurricane Maria Left Behind. ''Cureus'' , '''10''' (1), e2038, doi:10.7759/cureus.2038. <div id="Lopez-Marrero--2010"></div> Lopez-Marrero, T., 2010: An integrative approach to study and promote natural hazards adaptive capacity: a case study of two flood-prone communities in Puerto Rico. ''Geogr. J.'' , '''176''' (2), 150–163, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00353.x. <div id="Lough--2016"></div> Lough, J.M., et al., 2016: Observed and projected changes in surface climate of tropical Pacific Islands. In: ''Vulnerability of Pacific Island agriculture and forestry to climate change'' [Taylor, M., A. McGregor and B. Dawson(eds.)]. Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia, pp. 47–101. <div id="Lovelock--2015"></div> Lovelock, C.E., et al., 2015: The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. ''Nature'' , '''526''' (7574), 559–563, doi:10.1038/nature15538. <div id="Lowe--2018"></div> Lowe, R., et al., 2018: Nonlinear and delayed impacts of climate on dengue risk in Barbados: A modelling study. ''PLoS Med.'' , '''15''' (7), e1002613, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002613. <div id="Lubell--2019"></div> Lubell, M. and M. Niles, 2019: The limits of capacity building. ''Nat. Clim. Chang.'' , '''9''' (8), 578–579, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0541-6. <div id="Luetz--2017"></div> Luetz, J., 2017: Chapter 3: Climate change and migration in the Maldives: Some lessons for policy makers. In: ''Climate Change Adaptation in Pacific Countries: Fostering resilience and improving the quality of life'' [Filho, W.L.(ed.)]. Springer, Cham. ISBN 978-3319500935. <div id="Luke--2017"></div> Luke, S.H., et al., 2017: The effects of catchment and riparian forest quality on stream environmental conditions across a tropical rainforest and oil palm landscape in Malaysian Borneo. ''Ecohydrology'' , '''10''' (4), e1827, doi:10.1002/eco.1827. <div id="Lumbroso--2016"></div> Lumbroso, D., E. Brown and N. Ranger, 2016: Stakeholders’ perceptions of the overall effectiveness of early warning systems and risk assessments for weather-related hazards in Africa, the Caribbean and South Asia. ''Nat. Hazards'' , '''84''' (3), 2121–2144, doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2537-0. <div id="Mace--2016"></div> Mace, M.J. and R. Verheyen, 2016: Loss, Damage and Responsibility after COP21: All Options Open for the Paris Agreement. ''Rev. Eur. Comp. Int. Environ. Law'' , '''25''' (2), 197–214, doi:10.1111/reel.12172. <div id="Mackay--2017"></div> Mackay, E. and A. Spencer, 2017: The future of Caribbean tourism: competition and climate change implications. ''Worldw. Hosp. Tour. Themes'' , '''9''' (1), 44–59, doi:10.1108/whatt-11-2016-0069. <div id="MacKenzie--2016"></div> MacKenzie, R.A., et al., 2016: Sedimentation and belowground carbon accumulation rates in mangrove forests that differ in diversity and land use: a tale of two mangroves. ''Wetl. Ecol. Manag.'' , '''24''' (2), 245–261, doi:10.1007/s11273-016-9481-3. <div id="Magee--2016"></div> Magee, A.D., D.C. Verdon-Kidd, A.S. Kiem and S.A. Royle, 2016: Tropical cyclone perceptions, impacts and adaptation in the Southwest Pacific: an urban perspective from Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga. ''Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.'' , '''16''' (5), 1091–1105, doi:10.5194/nhess-16-1091-2016. <div id="Magel--2020"></div> Magel, J., S. Dimoff and J.K. Baum, 2020: Direct and indirect effects of climate change-amplified pulse heat stress events on coral reef fish communities. ''Ecol. Appl.'' , '''30''' (6), doi:10.1002/eap.2124. <div id="Magnan--2006"></div> Magnan, A., 2006: L’evacuation des populations aux Maldives apres le tsunami du 26 decembre 2004. ''Mappemonde'' , '''84''' (4). <div id="Magnan--2018"></div> Magnan, A. and V. [[#Duvat--2018|Duvat, 2018]] : Unavoidable solutions for coastal adaptation in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''89''' , 393–400, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.09.002. <div id="Magnan--2019"></div> Magnan, A.K., M. Garschagen, J.-P. Gattuso, J.E. Hay, N. Hilmi, E. Holland, F. Isla, G. Kofinas, I.J. Losada, J. Petzold, B. Ratter, T.Schuur, T. Tabe, and R. van de Wal, 2019: Cross-Chapter Box 9: Integrative Cross-Chapter Box on Low-Lying Islands and Coasts. In: ''IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press. <div id="Magnan--2018"></div> Magnan, A., et al., 2018: Atoll population exposure to marine inundation: the example of the Tuamotu Archipelago (Rangiroa and Tikehau atolls), French Polynesia. ''VertigO'' , '''18''' (3), doi:10.4000/vertigo.23607. <div id="Mahadew--2019"></div> Mahadew, R. and K. Appadoo, 2019: Tourism and climate change in Mauritius: assessing the adpatation and mitigation plans and prospects. ''Tour. Rev.'' , doi:10.1108/TR-12-2017-0203. <div id="Maharaj--2019"></div> Maharaj, S., et al., 2019: Assessing protected area effectiveness within the Caribbean under changing climate conditions: A case study of the small island, Trinidad. ''Land Use Policy'' , '''81''' , 185–193, doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.09.030. <div id="Maharaj--2013"></div> Maharaj, S. and M. New, 2013: Modelling individual and collective species responses to climate change within Small Island States. ''Biol. Conserv.'' , '''167''' , 283–291, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.08.027. <div id="Mahon--2019"></div> Mahon, R., et al., 2019: Fit for purpose? Transforming National Meteorological and Hydrological T Services into National Climate Service Centers. ''Clim. Serv.'' , '''13''' , 14–23, doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2019.01.002. <div id="Major--2016"></div> Major, D.C. and S. Juhola, 2016: Guidance for Climate Change Adaptation in Small Coastal Towns and Cities: A New Challenge. ''J. Urban Plan. Dev.'' , '''142''' (4), doi:10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000356. <div id="Mallin--2018"></div> Mallin, M., 2018: From sea-level rise to seabed grabbing: The political economy of climate change in Kiribati. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''97''' , 244–252, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.04.021. <div id="Malsale--2018"></div> Malsale, P., et al., 2018: Protocols and Partnerships for Engaging Pacific Island Communities in the Collection and Use of Traditional Climate Knowledge. ''Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.'' , '''99''' (12), 2471–2489, doi:10.1175/bams-d-17-0163.1. <div id="Manes--2021"></div> Manes, S., et al., 2021: Endemism increases species’ climate change risk in areas of global biodiversity importance. ''Biol. Conserv.'' , '''257''' , doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109070. <div id="Mann--2014"></div> Mann, T. and H. Westphal, 2014: Assessing Long-Term Changes in the Beach Width of Reef Islands Based on Temporally Fragmented Remote Sensing Data. ''Remote Sens.'' , '''6''' (8), 6961–6987, doi:10.3390/rs6086961. <div id="Marino--2015"></div> Marino, E. and H. [[#Lazrus--2015|Lazrus, 2015]] : Migration or Forced Displacement?: The Complex Choices of Climate Change and Disaster Migrants in Shishmaref, Alaska and Nanumea, Tuvalu. ''Hum. Organ.'' , '''74''' (4), 341–350, doi:10.17730/0018-7259-74.4.341. <div id="Mariotti--2015"></div> Mariotti, A., Y. Pan, N. Zeng and A. Alessandri, 2015: Long-term climate change in the Mediterranean region in the midst of decadal variability. ''Clim. Dyn.'' , '''44''' (5-6), 1437–1456, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2487-3. <div id="Marler--2014"></div> Marler, T., 2014: Pacific island tropical cyclones are more frequent and globally relevant, yet less studied. ''Front. Environ. Sci.'' , '''2''' , doi:10.3389/fenvs.2014.00042. <div id="Martin--2015"></div> Martin, D., et al., 2015: Development and implementation of a climate data management system for western Pacific small island developing states. ''Meteorol. Appl.'' , '''22''' (2), 273–287, doi:10.1002/met.1461. <div id="Martin--2018"></div> Martin, P., P. Nunn, J. Leon and N. Tindale, 2018: Responding to multiple climate-linked stressors in a remote island context: The example of Yadua Island, Fiji. ''Clim. Risk Manag.'' , '''21''' , 7–15, doi:10.1016/j.crm.2018.04.003. <div id="Martins--2009"></div> Martins, P., et al., 2009: Under-report and underdiagnosis of chronic respiratory diseases in an African country. ''Allergy'' , '''64''' (7), 1061–1067, doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01956.x. <div id="Martyr-Koller--2021"></div> Martyr-Koller, R., et al., 2021: Loss and damage implications of sea-level rise on Small Island Developing States. ''Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain.'' , '''50''' , 245–259, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2021.05.001. <div id="Marzeion--2014"></div> Marzeion, B. and A. Levermann, 2014: Loss of cultural world heritage and currently inhabited places to sea-level rise. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''9''' (3), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034001. <div id="Masterson--2014"></div> Masterson, J., et al., 2014: Effects of sea-level rise on barrier island groundwater system dynamics - ecohydrological implications. ''Ecohydrology'' , '''7''' (3), 1064–1071, doi:10.1002/eco.1442. <div id="Maynard--2015"></div> Maynard, J., et al., 2015: Projections of climate conditions that increase coral disease susceptibility and pathogen abundance and virulence. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''5''' (7), 688–694, doi:10.1038/nclimate2625. <div id="McAneney--2017"></div> McAneney, J., R. van den Honert and S. Yeo, 2017: Stationarity of major flood frequencies and heights on the Ba River, Fiji, over a 122-year record. ''Int. J. Climatol.'' , '''37''' , 171–178, doi:10.1002/joc.4989. <div id="McClanahan--2019"></div> McClanahan, T.R., et al., 2019: Temperature patterns and mechanisms influencing coral bleaching during the 2016 El Niño. ''Nat. Clim. Chang.'' , '''9''' (11), 845–851, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0576-8. <div id="McClanahan--2020"></div> McClanahan, T.R., et al., 2020: Large geographic variability in the resistance of corals to thermal stress. ''Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr.'' , '''29''' (12), 2229–2247, doi:10.1111/geb.13191. <div id="McCubbin--2017"></div> McCubbin, S., T. Pearce, J. Ford and B. Smit, 2017: Social-ecological change and implications for food security in Funafuti, Tuvalu. ''Ecol. Soc.'' , '''22''' (1), doi:10.5751/es-09129-220153. <div id="McCubbin--2015"></div> McCubbin, S., B. Smit and T. Pearce, 2015: Where does climate fit? Vulnerability to climate change in the context of multiple stressors in Funafuti, Tuvalu. ''Glob. Environ. Chang.'' , '''30''' , 43–55, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.10.007. <div id="McField--2017"></div> McField, M., 2017: Impacts of Climate Change on Coral in the Coastal and Marine Environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS). ''Caribb. Mar. Clim. Chang. Rep. Card Sci. Rev.'' , 52–59. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/605073/6._Coral.pdf . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="McGaw--2019"></div> McGaw, I.J., T.E. Van Leeuwen, R.H. Trehern and A.E. Bates, 2019: Changes in precipitation may alter food preference in an ecosystem engineer, the black land crab, Gecarcinus ruricola. ''PeerJ'' , '''7''' , e6818, doi:10.7717/peerj.6818. <div id="McGinn--2020"></div> McGinn, A. and A. Solofa, 2020: Chapter 12: Mutli-level governance of climate change adaptation: A case study of country-wide adaptation projects in Samoa. In: ''Managing Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific Region'' [Filho, W.L.(ed.)]. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 231–253. <div id="McGree--2019"></div> McGree, S., et al., 2019: Recent Changes in Mean and Extreme Temperature and Precipitation in the Western Pacific Islands. ''J. Climate'' , '''32''' (16), 4919–4941, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-18-0748.1. <div id="McGree--2016"></div> McGree, S., S. Schreider and Y. Kuleshov, 2016: Trends and Variability in Droughts in the Pacific Islands and Northeast Australia. ''J. Climate'' , '''29''' (23), 8377–8397, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0332.1. <div id="McGree--2020"></div> McGree, S., S. Schreider, Y. Kuleshov and B. Prakash, 2020: On the use of mean and extreme climate indices to predict sugar yield in western Fiji. ''Weather. Clim. Extrem.'' , '''29''' , doi:10.1016/j.wace.2020.100271. <div id="McInnes--2016"></div> McInnes, K., et al., 2016: Application of a synthetic cyclone method for assessment of tropical cyclone storm tides in Samoa. ''Nat. Hazards'' , '''80''' (1), 425–444, doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1975-4. <div id="McInnes--2014"></div> McInnes, K., et al., 2014: Quantifying storm tide risk in Fiji due to climate variability and change. ''Glob. Planet. Change.'' , '''116''' , 115–129, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.02.004. <div id="McIver--2016"></div> McIver, L., et al., 2016: Health Impacts of Climate Change in Pacific Island Countries: A Regional Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Priorities. ''Environ. Health Perspect.'' , '''124''' (11), 1707–1714, doi:10.1289/ehp.1509756. <div id="McIver--2014"></div> McIver, L., et al., 2014: Assessment of the health impacts of climate change in Kiribati. ''Int. J. Environ.Res. Public Health'' , '''11''' (5), 5224–5240, doi:10.3390/ijerph110505224. <div id="McLean--2015"></div> McLean, R. and P. Kench, 2015: Destruction or persistence of coral atoll islands in the face of 20th and 21st century sea-level rise? ''Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang.'' , '''6''' (5), 445–463, doi:10.1002/wcc.350. <div id="McLeod--2018"></div> McLeod, E., et al., 2018: Raising the voices of Pacific Island women to inform climate adaptation policies. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''93''' , 178–185, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.03.011. <div id="McLeod--2019"></div> McLeod, E., et al., 2019: Lessons From the Pacific Islands – Adapting to Climate Change by Supporting Social and Ecological Resilience. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''6''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00289. <div id="McMichael--2019"></div> McMichael, A., M. Katonivualiku and T. Powell, 2019: Planned relocation and everyday agency in low-lying coastal villages in Fiji. ''Geogr. J.'' , '''185''' , 325–337, doi:10.1111/geoj.12312. <div id="McMillen--2014"></div> McMillen, H.L., et al., 2014: Small islands, valuable insights: systems of customary resource use and resilience to climate change in the Pacific. ''Ecol. Soc.'' , '''19''' (4), doi:10.5751/es-06937-190444. <div id="McNamara--2016"></div> McNamara, K., R. Bronen, N. Fernando and S. Klepp, 2016: The complex decision-making of climate-induced relocation: adaptation and loss and damage. ''Clim. Policy'' , doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1248886. <div id="McNamara--2015"></div> McNamara, K. and D. Combes, 2015: Planning for Community Relocations Due to Climate Change in Fiji. ''Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci.'' , '''6''' (3), 315–319, doi:10.1007/s13753-015-0065-2. <div id="McNamara--2019"></div> McNamara, K.E., et al., 2019: What is shaping vulnerability to climate change? The case of Laamu Atoll, Maldives. ''Isl. Stud. J.'' , '''14''' (1), 81–100, doi:10.24043/isj.67. <div id="McNamara--2020"></div> McNamara, K.E., et al., 2020: An assessment of community-based adaptation initiatives in the Pacific Islands. ''Nat. Clim. Chang.'' , '''10''' (7), 628–639, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0813-1. <div id="McNaught--2014"></div> McNaught, R., O. Warrick and A. Cooper, 2014: Communicating climate change for adaptation in rural communities: a Pacific study. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''14''' (4), 1491–1503, doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0592-1. <div id="McSherry--2014"></div> McSherry, A., E.J. Manalastas, J.C. Gaillard and S.N.M. Dalisay, 2014: From Deviant to Bakla, Strong to Stronger: Mainstreaming Sexual and Gender Minorities into Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines. ''Forum. Dev. Stud.'' , '''42''' (1), 27–40, doi:10.1080/08039410.2014.952330. <div id="Mecartney--2017"></div> Mecartney, S. and J. Connell, 2017: Melanesia: The Challenges of Managing Land, Modernity and Tradition. In: ''Kastom, property and ideology'' [McDonnell, S., M. Allen and C. Filer(eds.)]. Australian National University Press, Urban, pp. 57–84. ISBN 978-1760461058. <div id="Med--2020"></div> Med, E.C., 2020: Summary for Policymakers. In: ''Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean basin—Current Situation and Risks for the Future'' [Cramer, W., J. Guiot and K. Marini(eds.)], First Mediterranean Assessment Report, Union for the Mediterranean, Plan Bleu, UNEP/MAP, Marseille, France, pp. 34. <div id="Melendez--2017"></div> Melendez, E. and J. Hinojosa, 2017: ''Estimates of Post-Hurricane Maria Exodus from Puerto Rico'' . Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Hunter College. <div id="Mendez-Lazaro--2018"></div> Mendez-Lazaro, P., et al., 2018: A heat vulnerability index to improve urban public health management in San Juan, Puerto Rico. ''Int. J. Biometeorol.'' , '''62''' (5), 709–722, doi:10.1007/s00484-017-1319-z. <div id="Mentaschi--2017"></div> Mentaschi, L., et al., 2017: Global changes of extreme coastal wave energy fluxes triggered by intensified teleconnection patterns. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' , '''44''' , 2416–2426, doi:10.1002/2016GL072488. <div id="Mentaschi--2018"></div> Mentaschi, L., et al., 2018: Global long-term observations of coastal erosion and accretion. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''8''' (1), 12876, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30904-w. <div id="Mercer--2012"></div> Mercer, J., I. Kelman, B. Alfthan and T. Kurvits, 2012: Ecosystem-Based Adaptation to Climate Change in Caribbean Small Island Developing States: Integrating Local and External Knowledge. ''Sustainability'' , '''4''' (8), 1908–1932, doi:10.3390/su4081908. <div id="Mercer--2014a"></div> Mercer, J., et al., 2014a: Nation-building policies in Timor-Leste: disaster risk reduction, including climate change adaptation. ''Disasters'' , '''38''' (4), 690–718, doi:10.1111/disa.12082. <div id="Mercer--2014b"></div> Mercer, J., T. Kurvits, I. Kelman and S. Mavrogenis, 2014b: Ecosystem-Based Adaptation for Food Security in the AIMS SIDS: Integrating External and Local Knowledge. ''Sustainability'' , '''6''' (9), 5566–5597, doi:10.3390/su6095566. <div id="Merrifield--2011"></div> Merrifield, M. and M. Maltrud, 2011: Regional sea level trends due to a Pacific trade wind intensification. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' , '''38''' (21), doi:10.1029/2011gl049576. <div id="Mertz--2010"></div> Mertz, O., et al., 2010: Sustainable land use in Tikopia: Food production and consumption in an isolated agricultural system. ''Singapore J. Trop. Geogr.'' , '''31''' (1), 10–26, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2010.00389.x. <div id="Middelbeek--2014"></div> Middelbeek, L., K. Kolle and H. Verrest, 2014: Built to last? Local climate change adaptation and governance in the Caribbean – The case of an informal urban settlement in Trinidad and Tobago. ''Urban Clim.'' , '''8''' , 138–154, doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2013.12.003. <div id="Middleton--2008"></div> Middleton, N., et al., 2008: A 10-year time-series analysis of respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity in Nicosia, Cyprus: the effect of short-term changes in air pollution and dust storms. ''Environ. Health'' , '''7''' , 39, doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-39. <div id="Mitsch--2013"></div> Mitsch, W. and M. Hernandez, 2013: Landscape and climate change threats to wetlands of North and Central America. ''Aquat. Sci.'' , '''75''' (1), 133–149, doi:10.1007/s00027-012-0262-7. <div id="Mollica--2019"></div> Mollica, N.R., et al., 2019: Skeletal records of bleaching reveal different thermal thresholds of Pacific coral reef assemblages. ''Coral Reefs'' , '''38''' (4), 743–757, doi:10.1007/s00338-019-01803-x. <div id="Moncada--2019"></div> Moncada, S. and H. Bambrick, 2019: Extreme weather events in Small Island Developing States: barriers to climate change adaptation among coastal communities in a remote island of Fiji. In: ''Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation'' [Klock, C. and M. Fink(eds.)]. Göttingen University Press, Göttingen, pp. 217–247. ISBN 978-3863954352. <div id="Mondragón--2018"></div> Mondragón, C., 2018: Forest, Reef and Sea-Level Rise in North Vanuatu: Seasonal Environmental Practices and Climate Fluctuations in Island Melanesia. In: ''Indigenous Knowledge for Climate Change Assessment and Adaptation'' [Nakashima, D., I. Krupnik and J. Rubis )](eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 23–40. ISBN 978-1316481066. <div id="Monioudi--2017"></div> Monioudi, I.N., et al., 2017: Assessment of island beach erosion due to sea level rise: the case of the Aegean archipelago (Eastern Mediterranean). ''Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.'' , '''17''' (3), 449–466, doi:10.5194/nhess-17-449-2017. <div id="Monioudi--2018"></div> Monioudi, I. Ν ., et al., 2018: Climate change impacts on critical international transportation assets of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS): the case of Jamaica and Saint Lucia. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''18''' (8), 2211–2225, doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1360-4. <div id="Monnereau--2017"></div> Monnereau, I., et al., 2017: The impact of methodological choices on the outcome of national-level climate change vulnerability assessments: An example from the global fisheries sector. ''Fish. Fish.'' , '''18''' (4), 717–731, doi:10.1111/faf.12199. <div id="Monoy--2016"></div> Monoy, C., et al., 2016: Temporal Changes in Tree Species and Trait Composition in a Cyclone-prone Pacific Dipterocarp Forest. ''Ecosystems'' , '''19''' (6), 1013–1022, doi:10.1007/s10021-016-9983-0. <div id="Morim--2019"></div> Morim, J., et al., 2019: Robustness and uncertainties in global multivariate wind-wave climate projections. ''Nat. Clim. Chang.'' , '''9''' (9), 711–718, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0542-5. <div id="Morri--2015"></div> Morri, C., et al., 2015: Through bleaching and tsunami: Coral reef recovery in the Maldives. ''Mar. Pollut. Bull.'' , '''98''' (1-2), 188–200, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.050. <div id="Morris--2018"></div> Morris, R., T. Konlechner, M. Ghisalberti and S. Swearer, 2018: From grey to green: Efficacy of eco-engineering solutions for nature-based coastal defence. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''24''' (5), 1827–1842, doi:10.1111/gcb.14063. <div id="Moulton--2019"></div> Moulton, A.A. and M.R. Machado, 2019: Bouncing Forward After Irma and Maria: Acknowledging Colonialism, Problematizing Resilience and Thinking Climate Justice. ''J. Extrem. Events'' , '''06''' (01), doi:10.1142/s2345737619400037. <div id="Mycoo--2014a"></div> Mycoo, M., 2014a: Autonomous household responses and urban governance capacity building for climate change adaptation: Georgetown, Guyana. ''Urban Clim.'' , '''9''' , 134–154, doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2014.07.009. <div id="Mycoo--2014b"></div> Mycoo, M., 2014b: Sustainable tourism, climate change and sea level rise adaptation policies in Barbados. ''Nat. Resour. Forum'' , '''38''' (1), 47–57, doi:10.1111/1477-8947.12033. <div id="Mycoo--2015"></div> Mycoo, M., 2015: Communicating climate change in rural coastal communities. ''Int. J. Clim. Chang. Strateg. Manag.'' , '''7''' (1), 58–75, doi:10.1108/ijccsm-04-2013-0042. <div id="Mycoo--2017"></div> Mycoo, M., 2017: A Caribbean New Urban Agenda post-Habitat III: Closing the gaps. ''Habitat Int.'' , '''69''' , 68–77, doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.09.001. <div id="Mycoo--2018a"></div> Mycoo, M., 2018a: Beyond 1.5°C: vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies for Caribbean Small Island Developing States. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''18''' (8), 2341–2353, doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1248-8. <div id="Mycoo--2018b"></div> Mycoo, M., 2018b: Urban sustainability in Caribbean Small Island Developing States: a conceptual framework for urban planning using a case study of Trinidad. ''Int. Dev. Plan. Rev.'' , '''40''' (2), 143–174, doi:10.3828/idpr.2018.8. <div id="Mycoo--2020"></div> Mycoo, M., 2020: Environmental governance in small island developing states: Challenges and opportunities for transformation using a Trinidad and Tobago case study. In: ''Handbook of Governance in Small States'' [Briguglio, L., J. Byron, S. Moncada and W. Veenendaal(eds.)]. Routledge, London, UK. ISBN 978-0429061356. <div id="Mycoo--2021"></div> Mycoo, M., 2021: Vulnerabilities to Climate Change and Enhancing Resilience in Caribbean Small Island Developing States: A Spatial Planning Framework. In: ''Small Island Developing States: vulnerability and resilience under climate change'' [Moncada, S., et al.(ed.)]. Springer, Cham, Switzerland. <div id="Mycoo--2017"></div> Mycoo, M. and M. Donovan, 2017: ''A Blue Urban Agenda: Adapting to Cliamte Change in the Coastal Cities of Caribbean and Pacific Small Island Developing States'' . IBD, Washington, D.C., ISBN 978-1597822931. <div id="Nalau--2018a"></div> Nalau, J., S. Becken and B. Mackey, 2018a: Ecosystem-based Adaptation: A review of the constraints. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''89''' , 357–364, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.08.014. <div id="Nalau--2018b"></div> Nalau, J., et al., 2018b: The Role of Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge in Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: A Review of the Literature and Case Studies from the Pacific Islands. ''Weather. Clim. Soc.'' , '''10''' (4), 851–865, doi:10.1175/wcas-d-18-0032.1. <div id="Nalau--2018"></div> Nalau, J. and W.L. Filho, 2018: Introduction: Limits to Adaptation. In: ''Limits to Climate Change Adaptation'' [Filho, W. and J. Nalau )](eds.)]. Springer, Cham. <div id="Nalau--2017"></div> Nalau, J., J. Handmer and M. Dalesa, 2017: The role and capacity of government in climate crises: TC Pam in Vanuatu. In: ''Climate Change Adaptation in Pacific Countries: Fostering Resilience and Improving the Quality of Life'' [Filho, W.L.(ed.)]. Springer, Berlin, pp. 151–161. <div id="Nalau--2016"></div> Nalau, J., et al., 2016: The practice of integrating adaptation and disaster risk reduction in the south-west Pacific. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''8''' (4), 365–375, doi:10.1080/17565529.2015.1064809. <div id="Nand--2020"></div> Nand, M.M. and D.K. Bardsley, 2020: Climate change loss and damage policy implications for Pacific Island Countries. ''Local Environ.'' , '''25''' (9), 725–740, doi:10.1080/13549839.2020.1825357. <div id="Narayan--2016"></div> Narayan, S., et al., 2016: The Effectiveness, Costs and Coastal Protection Benefits of Natural and Nature-Based Defences. ''PLoS ONE'' , '''11''' (5), e154735, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154735. <div id="Narayan--2020"></div> Narayan, S., et al., 2020: Local adaptation responses to coastal hazards in small island communities: insights from 4 Pacific nations. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''104''' , 199–207, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2019.11.006. <div id="Naylor--2015"></div> Naylor, A., 2015: Island morphology, reef resources, and development paths in the Maldives. ''Prog. Phys. Geogr.'' , '''39''' (6), 728–749, doi:10.1177/0309133315598269. <div id="Neef--2018"></div> Neef, A., et al., 2018: Climate adaptation strategies in Fiji: The role of social norms and cultural values. ''World Dev.'' , '''107''' , 125–137, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.029. <div id="Nehru--2018"></div> Nehru, P. and P. Balasubramanian, 2018: Mangrove species diversity and composition in the successional habitats of Nicobar Islands, India: A post-tsunami and subsidence scenario. ''For. Ecol. Manag.'' , '''427''' , 70–77, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.05.063. <div id="Newth--2018"></div> Newth, D. and D. Gunasekera, 2018: Projected Changes in Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature under Alternative Climate Scenarios. ''Atmosphere'' , '''9''' (5), doi:10.3390/atmos9050187. <div id="Nguyen--2018"></div> Nguyen, P., et al., 2018: Global Precipitation Trends across Spatial Scales Using Satellite Observations. ''Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.'' , '''99''' (4), 689–697, doi:10.1175/bams-d-17-0065.1. <div id="Nicolas--2020"></div> Nicolas, F., et al., 2020: Assessing the Potential Impact of Climate Change on Rice Yield in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti Using the CSM-CERES-Rice Model. ''Trans. ASABE'' , '''63''' (5), 1385–1400, doi:10.13031/trans.13868. <div id="Noy--2019"></div> Noy, I. and C. Edmonds, 2019: Increasing fiscal resilience to disasters in the Pacific. ''Nat. Hazards'' , '''97''' (3), 1375–1393, doi:10.1007/s11069-019-03719-9. <div id="Nunn--2013"></div> Nunn, P., 2013: The end of the Pacific? Effects of sea level rise on Pacific Island livelihoods. ''Singap J. Trop. Geogr.'' , '''34''' (2), 143–171, doi:10.1111/sjtg.12021. <div id="Nunn--2014"></div> Nunn, P., W. Aalbersberg, S. Lata and M. Gwilliam, 2014: Beyond the core: community governance for climate-change adaptation in peripheral parts of Pacific Island Countries. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''14''' (1), 221–235, doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0486-7. <div id="Nunn--2017a"></div> Nunn, P., A. Kohler and R. Kumar, 2017a: Identifying and assessing evidence for recent shoreline change attributable to uncommonly rapid sea-level rise in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, Northwest Pacific Ocean. ''J. Coast. Conserv.'' , '''21''' (6), 719–730, doi:10.1007/s11852-017-0531-7. <div id="Nunn--2018"></div> Nunn, P. and R. Kumar, 2018: Understanding climate-human interactions in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). ''Int. J. Clim. Chang. Strateg. Manag.'' , '''10''' (2), 245–271, doi:10.1108/ijccsm-01-2017-0012. <div id="Nunn--2019a"></div> Nunn, P. and R. Kumar, 2019a: Measuring Peripherality as a Proxy for Autonomous Community Coping Capacity: A Case Study from Bua Province, Fiji Islands, for Improving Climate Change Adaptation. ''Soc. Sci.'' , '''8''' (8), doi:10.3390/socsci8080225. <div id="Nunn--2017b"></div> Nunn, P., J. Runman, M. Falanruw and R. Kumar, 2017b: Culturally grounded responses to coastal change on islands in the Federated States of Micronesia, northwest Pacific Ocean. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''17''' (4), 959–971, doi:10.1007/s10113-016-0950-2. <div id="Nunn--2021"></div> Nunn, P.D., C. Klöck and V. Duvat, 2021: Seawalls as maladaptations along island coasts. ''Ocean. Coast. Manag.'' , '''205''' , doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105554. <div id="Nunn--2016"></div> Nunn, P.D., L. Kumar, I. Eliot and R.F. McLean, 2016: Classifying Pacific islands. ''Geosci. Lett.'' , '''3''' (1), doi:10.1186/s40562-016-0041-8. <div id="Nunn--2019b"></div> Nunn, P.D. and R. Kumar, 2019b: Cashless Adaptation to Climate Change: Unwelcome yet Unavoidable? ''One Earth'' , '''1''' (1), 31–34, doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.004. <div id="Nunn--2019"></div> Nunn, P.D. and K.E. McNamara, 2019: Failing adaptation in island contexts: the growing need for transformational change. In: ''Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation'' , pp. 19–44. ISBN 978-3863954352. <div id="Nurse--2011"></div> Nurse, L., 2011: The implications of global climate change for fisheries management in the Caribbean. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''3''' (3), 228–241, doi:10.1080/17565529.2011.603195. <div id="Oakes--2019"></div> Oakes, R., 2019: Culture, climate change and mobility decisions in Pacific Small Island Developing States. ''Popul. Environ.'' , '''40''' (4), 480–503, doi:10.1007/s11111-019-00321-w. <div id="Oberle--2017"></div> Oberle, F., P. Swarzenski and C. Storlazzi, 2017: Atoll Groundwater Movement and Its Response to Climatic and Sea-Level Fluctuations. ''Water'' , '''9''' (650), doi:10.3390/w9090650. <div id="Oculi--2018"></div> Oculi, N. and S. Stephenson, 2018: Conceptualizing climate vulnerability: Understanding the negotiating strategies of Small Island Developing States. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''85''' , 72–80, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.025. <div id="Oleson--2018"></div> Oleson, K.L.L., et al., 2018: Charting progress towards system-scale ecosystem service valuation in islands. ''Environ. Conserv.'' , '''45''' (03), 212–226, doi:10.1017/s0376892918000140. <div id="Onaka--2017"></div> Onaka, S., et al., 2017: Effectiveness of Gravel Beach Nourishment on Pacific Island. ''Asian Pac. Coastas'' , 651–662, doi:10.1142/9789813233812_0059. <div id="Ontoria--2019"></div> Ontoria, Y., et al., 2019: Interactive effects of global warming and eutrophication on a fast-growing Mediterranean seagrass. ''Mar. Environ. Res.'' , '''145''' , 27–38, doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.02.002. <div id="Oppenheimer--2019"></div> Oppenheimer, M., B.C. Glavovic , J. Hinkel, R. van de Wal, A.K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, M. Cifuentes- Jara, R.M. DeConto, T. Ghosh, J. Hay, F. Isla, B. Marzeion, B. Meyssignac, and Z. Sebesvari, 2019: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities. In: ''IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a C anging Climate'' [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press. <div id="Oremus--2020"></div> Oremus, K.L., et al., 2020: Governance challenges for tropical nations losing fish species due to climate change. ''Nat. Sustain.'' , '''3''' (4), 277–280, doi:10.1038/s41893-020-0476-y. <div id="Oritz--2015"></div> Oritz, P., et al., 2015: Spatial Models for Prediction and Early Warning of Aedes aegypti Proliferation from Data on Climate Change and Variability in Cuba. ''MEDICC Rev.'' , '''17''' (2), 20–28. <div id="Otto--2017"></div> Otto, I., et al., 2017: Social vulnerability to climate change: a review of concepts and evidence. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''17''' (6), 1651–1662, doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1105-9. <div id="Oviatt--2019"></div> Oviatt, C.A., K. Huizenga, C.S. Rogers and W.J. Miller, 2019: What nutrient sources support anomalous growth and the recent sargassum mass stranding on Caribbean beaches? A review. ''Mar. Pollut. Bull.'' , '''145''' , 517–525, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.049. <div id="Paeniu--2017"></div> Paeniu, L., E. Holland, C. Miller and G. Anderson, 2017: Rainfall Trends, Drought Frequency and La Niña in Tuvalu: A Small Equatorial Island State in the Pacific Ocean. ''J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol.'' , '''07''' (05), doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000501. <div id="Paeth--2017"></div> Paeth, H., et al., 2017: Quantifying the evidence of climate change in the light of uncertainty exemplified by the Mediterranean hot spot region. ''Glob. Planet. Change.'' , '''151''' , 144–151, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.03.003. <div id="Palanisamy--2012"></div> Palanisamy, H., et al., 2012: Regional sea level change and variability in the Caribbean sea since 1950. ''J. Geod. Sci.'' , '''2''' (2), 125–133, doi:10.2478/v10156-011-0029-4. <div id="Papadimitriou--2019"></div> Papadimitriou, L., et al., 2019: Developing a water strategy for sustainable irrigated agriculture in Mediterranean island communities – Insights from Malta. ''Outlook Agric'' , '''48''' (2), 143–151, doi:10.1177/0030727019841060. <div id="Parsons--2018"></div> Parsons, M., C. Brown, J. Nalau and K. Fisher, 2018: Assessing adaptive capacity and adaptation: insights from Samoan tourism operators. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''10''' (7), 644–663, doi:10.1080/17565529.2017.1410082. <div id="Parsons--2019"></div> Parsons, M. and J. Nalau, 2019: Adaptation policy and planning in Pacific small island developing states. In: ''Research Handbook on Climate Change Adaptation Policy'' [Keskitalo, C. and B. Preston(eds.)]. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, pp. 273–290. <div id="Parsons--2017"></div> Parsons, M., J. Nalau and K. Fisher, 2017: Alternative Perspectives on Sustainability: Indigenous Knowledge and Methodologies. ''Challenges Sustain.'' , '''5''' (1), doi:10.12924/cis2017.05010007. <div id="Pascua--2017"></div> Pascua, P., et al., 2017: Beyond services: A process and framework to incorporate cultural, genealogical, place-based, and indigenous relationships in ecosystem service assessments. ''Ecosyst. Serv.'' , '''26''' , 465–475, doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.03.012. <div id="Pawankar--2020"></div> Pawankar, R., et al., 2020: Asia Pacific Association of Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology White Paper 2020 on climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity in Asia-Pacific and impact on allergic diseases. ''Asia Pac. Allergy'' , '''10''' (1), e11, doi:10.5415/apallergy.2020.10.e11. <div id="PCRAFI--2017"></div> [[#PCRAFI--2017|PCRAFI, 2017]] : ''PCRAFI Program Phase II: Furthering Disaster Risk Finance in the Pacific'' . SPC, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, World Bank Group. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/605073/6._Coral.pdf . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="Pecl--2017"></div> Pecl, G.T., et al., 2017: Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. ''Science'' , '''355''' (6332), doi:10.1126/science.aai9214. <div id="Pedersen--2016"></div> Pedersen, O., et al., 2016: Heat stress of two tropical seagrass species during low tides - impact on underwater net photosynthesis, dark respiration and diel in situ internal aeration. ''New Phytol.'' , '''210''' (4), 1207–1218, doi:10.1111/nph.13900. <div id="Perdikaris--2017"></div> Perdikaris, S., et al., 2017: Cultural heritage under threat: the effects of climate change on the small island of Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. In: ''Public Archaeology and Climate Change'' [Dawson, T., C. Nimura, E. Lopez-Romero and M. Daire(eds.)]. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 138–148. ISBN 978-1785707070. <div id="Perkins--2018"></div> Perkins, R. and S. Krause, 2018: Adapting to climate change impacts in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia: the importance of environmental conditions and intangible cultural heritage. ''Isl. Stud. J.'' , '''13''' (1), 65–78, doi:10.24043/isj.51. <div id="Perry--2017"></div> Perry, C. and K. Morgan, 2017: Bleaching drives collapse in reef carbonate budgets and reef growth potential on southern Maldives reefs. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''7''' , 40581, doi:10.1038/srep40581. <div id="Perry--2020"></div> Perry, C., K. Morgan, I. Lange and R. Yarlett, 2020: Bleaching-driven reef community shifts drive pulses of increased reef sediment generation. ''R. Soc. Open Sci.'' , '''7''' (192153), doi:10.1098/rsos.19215310.6084/m9.figshare.c. <div id="Peters--2015"></div> Peters, E., 2015: The 2009/2010 Caribbean drought: a case study. ''Disasters'' , '''39''' (4), 738–761, doi:10.1111/disa.12123. <div id="Petzold--2019"></div> Petzold, J. and A. Magnan, 2019: Climate change: thinking small islands beyond Small Island Developing States (SIDS). ''Clim. Change'' , '''152''' (1), 145–165, doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2363-3. <div id="Petzold--2015"></div> Petzold, J. and B. Ratter, 2015: Climate change adaptation under a social capital approach – An analytical framework for small islands. ''Ocean. Coast. Manag.'' , '''112''' , 36–43, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.05.003. <div id="Petzold--2018"></div> Petzold, J., B. Ratter and A. Holdschlag, 2018: Competing knowledge systems and adaptability to sea-level rise in The Bahamas. ''Area'' , '''50''' (1), 91–100, doi:10.1111/area.12355. <div id="Piggott-McKellar--2019a"></div> Piggott-McKellar, A., K. McNamara, P. Nunn and S. Sekinini, 2019a: Moving People in a Changing Climate: Lessons from Two Case Studies in Fiji. ''Soc. Sci.'' , '''8''' (133), doi:10.3390/socsci8050133. <div id="Piggott-McKellar--2019b"></div> Piggott-McKellar, A., K. McNamara, P. Nunn and J. Watson, 2019b: What are the barriers to successful community-based climate change adaptation? A review of grey literature. ''Local Environ.'' , '''24''' (4), 374–390, doi:10.1080/13549839.2019.1580688. <div id="Piggott-McKellar--2020"></div> Piggott-McKellar, A., P. Nunn, K. McNamara and S. Sekinini, 2020: Dam(n) Seawalls: A case of climate change maladaptation in Fiji. In: ''Managing Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific Region'' [Filho, W.L.(ed.)]. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 69–84. <div id="Pike--2015"></div> Pike, D.A., E.A. Roznik and I. Bell, 2015: Nest inundation from sea-level rise threatens sea turtle population viability. ''R. Soc. Open Sci.'' , '''2''' (7), 150127, doi:10.1098/rsos.150127. <div id="Pillet--2019"></div> Pillet, V., et al., 2019: Assessing the impacts of shoreline hardening on beach response to hurricanes: Saint-Barthelemy, Lesser Antilles. ''Ocean. Coast. Manag.'' , '''174''' , 71–91, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.03.021. <div id="Pinnegar--2019"></div> Pinnegar, J., et al., 2019: Assessing vulnberability and adaptive capacity of the fisheries sector in Dominica: long-term climate change and catastrophic hurricanes. ''ICES J. Mar. Sci.'' , '''76''' (5), 1353–1367, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsz052. <div id="Pisapia--2016"></div> Pisapia, C., et al., 2016: Coral recovery in the central Maldives archipelago since the last major mass-bleaching, in 1998. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''6''' , 34720, doi:10.1038/srep34720. <div id="Pisapia--2017"></div> Pisapia, C., A. El Kateb, P. Hallock and S. Spezzaferri, 2017: Assessing coral reef health in the North Ari Atoll (Maldives) using the FoRAM Index. ''Mar. Micropaleontol.'' , '''133''' , 50–57, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.06.001. <div id="Plotz--2017"></div> Plotz, R., L. Chambers and C. Finn, 2017: The Best of Both Worlds: A Decision-Making Framework for Combining Traditional and Contemporary Forecast Systems. ''J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol.'' , '''56''' (8), 2377–2392, doi:10.1175/jamc-d-17-0012.1. <div id="Popke--2016"></div> Popke, J., S. Curtis and D. Gamble, 2016: A social justice framing of climate change discourse and policy: Adaptation, resilience and vulnerability in a Jamaican agricultural landscape. ''Geoforum'' , '''73''' , 70–80, doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.11.003. <div id="Portner--2021"></div> Portner, H.O., et al., 2021: ''IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop report on biodiversity and climate change'' . doi:10.5281/zenodo.4782538. <div id="Povak--2020"></div> Povak, N.A., et al., 2020: A decision support tool for the conservation of tropical forest and nearshore environments on Babeldaob Island, Palau. ''For. Ecol. Manag.'' , '''476''' , doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118480. <div id="Prance--2015"></div> Prance, F., 2015: Chapter 7: Indigenous ontologies and developmentalism. In: ''Environmental Change and the World’s Futures: Ecologies, Ontologies and Mythologies'' [Marshall, J. and I. Connor(eds.)]. Routledge, London, UK. <div id="Prospero--2003"></div> Prospero, J. and P. Lamb, 2003: African Droughts and Dust Transport to the Caribbean: Climate Change Implications. ''Science'' , '''302''' (5647), 1024–1027. <div id="Putman--2018"></div> Putman, N. F., et al., 2018: Simulating transport pathways of pelagic Sargassum from the Equatorial Atlantic into the Caribbean Sea. ''Prog. Oceanogr.'' , '''165''' , 205–214, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2018.06.009. <div id="Quataert--2015"></div> Quataert, E., et al., 2015: The influence of coral reefs on wave-driven flooding of tropical coastlines. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' , '''42''' , 6407–6415. <div id="Quigley--2016"></div> Quigley, N., S. Beavis and I. White, 2016: Rainwater harvesting augmentation of domestic water supply in Honiara, Solomon Islands. ''Aust. J. Water Resour.'' , '''20''' (1), 65–77, doi:10.1080/13241583.2016.1173314. <div id="Raila--2017"></div> Raila, E. and D. Anderson, 2017: Healthcare waste management during disasters and its effects on climate change: Lessons from 2010 earthquake and cholera tragedies in Haiti. ''Waste Manag. Res.'' , '''35''' (3), 236–245, doi:10.1177/0734242X16682312. <div id="Rambarran--2018"></div> Rambarran, J., 2018: Debt for Climate Swaps: Lessons for Caribbean SIDS from the Seychelles’ Experience. ''Univ. West Indies'' , '''67''' (2). <div id="Randall--2015"></div> Randall, C.J. and R. van Woesik, 2015: Contemporary white-band disease in Caribbean corals driven by climate change. ''Nature Clim. Change'' , '''5''' (4), 375–379, doi:10.1038/nclimate2530. <div id="Rasmussen--2018"></div> Rasmussen, D., et al., 2018: Extreme sea level implications of 1.5°C, 2.0°C, and 2.5°C temperature stabilization targets in the 21st and 22nd centuries. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''13''' (3), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaac87. <div id="Ratter--2016"></div> Ratter, B., J. Petzold and K. Sinane, 2016: Considering the locals: coastal construction and destruction in times of climate change on Anjouan, Comoros. ''Nat. Resour. Forum'' , '''40''' (3), 112–126, doi:10.1111/1477-8947.12102. <div id="Ratter--2019"></div> Ratter, B.M.W., A. Hennig and A. Zahid, 2019: Challenges for shared responsibility - Political and social framing of coastal protection transformation in the Maldives. ''Erde'' , '''150''' (3), 169–183, doi:10.12854/erde-2019-426. <div id="Reguero--2018"></div> Reguero, B., et al., 2018: Coral reefs for coastal protection: A new methodological approach and engineering case study in Grenada. ''J. Environ. Manag.'' , '''210''' , 146–161, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.024. <div id="Reguero--2020"></div> Reguero, B.G., et al., 2020: Financing coastal resilience by combining nature-based risk reduction with insurance. ''Ecol. Econ.'' , '''169''' , doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106487. <div id="Reimann--2018"></div> Reimann, L., et al., 2018: Mediterranean UNESCO World Heritage at risk from coastal flooding and erosion due to sea-level rise. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''9''' (1), 4161, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06645-9. <div id="Remling--2016"></div> Remling, E. and J. Veitayaki, 2016: Community-based action in Fiji’s Gau Island: a model for the Pacific? ''Int. J. Clim. Chang. Strateg. Manag.'' , '''8''' (3), 375–398, doi:10.1108/ijccsm-07-2015-0101. <div id="Ren--2018"></div> Ren, X., Y. Lu, B. O’Neill and M. Weitzel, 2018: Economic and biophysical impacts on agriculture under 1.5°C and 2°C warming. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''13''' (11), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aae6a9. <div id="Renaud--2016"></div> Renaud, F.G., et al., 2016: ''Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation in Practice. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research'' . Springer, Cham. <div id="Repolho--2017"></div> Repolho, T., et al., 2017: Seagrass ecophysiological performance under ocean warming and acidification. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''7''' , 41443, doi:10.1038/srep41443. <div id="Republic of Maldives--2009"></div> [[#Republic%20of%20Maldives--2009|Republic of Maldives, 2009]] : ''Maldives - 4 years after the tsunami: Progress and remaining gaps'' . Planning, M. o. F. a. T.-D. o. N, Maldives. <div id="Resiere--2020"></div> Resiere, D., et al., 2020: Sargassum seaweed health menace in the Caribbean: clinical characteristics of a population exposed to hydrogen sulfide during the 2018 massive stranding. ''Clin. Toxicol.'' , '''59''' (3), 215–223, doi:10.1080/15563650.2020.1789162. <div id="Resiere--2019"></div> Resiere, D., H. Mehdaoui, R. Neviere and B. Megarbane, 2019: Sargassum invasion in the Caribbean: the role of medical and scientific cooperation. ''Rev. Panam. Salud Publica'' , '''43''' , e52, doi:10.26633/RPSP.2019.52. <div id="Resiere--2018"></div> Resiere, D., et al., 2018: Sargassum seaweed on Caribbean islands: an international public health concern. ''Lancet'' , '''392''' (10165), doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32777-6. <div id="Rey--2017"></div> Rey, T. and G. Le De Leone, 2017: An integrative approach to understand vulnerability and resilience post-disaster: The 2015 cyclone Pam in urban Vanuatu as a case study. ''Dis. Prev. Manag. Int. J.'' , '''26''' (3), 259–275, doi:10.1108/dpm-07-2016-0137. <div id="Rey--2019"></div> Rey, T., et al., 2019: Coastal Processes and Influence on Damage to Urban Structures during Hurricane Irma (St-Martin & St-Barthélemy, French West Indies). ''J. Mar. Sci. Eng.'' , '''7''' (215), doi:10.3390/jmse7070215. <div id="Rhiney--2020"></div> Rhiney, K., 2020: Dispossession, disaster capitalism and the post-hurricane context in the Caribbean. ''Polit. Geogr.'' , '''78''' , doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102171. <div id="Rhiney--2018"></div> Rhiney, K., A. Eitzinger, A. Farrell and S. Prager, 2018: Assessing the implications of a 1.5°C temperature limit for the Jamaican agriculture sector. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''18''' (8), 2313–2327, doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1409-4. <div id="Richardson--2018"></div> Richardson, B., M. Richardson and G. González, 2018: Responses of Two Litter-Based Invertebrate Communities to Changes in Canopy Cover in a Forest Subject to Hurricanes. ''Forests'' , '''9''' (6), doi:10.3390/f9060309. <div id="Roberts--2015"></div> Roberts, E. and S. Huq, 2015: Coming full circle: the history of loss and damage under the UNFCCC. ''Int. J. Glob. Warming'' , '''8''' (2), 141–157. <div id="Robinson--2019"></div> Robinson, J.P.W., S.K. Wilson, S. Jennings and N.A.J. Graham, 2019: Thermal stress induces persistently altered coral reef fish assemblages. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''25''' (8), 2739–2750, doi:10.1111/gcb.14704. <div id="Robinson--2017a"></div> Robinson, S., 2017a: Climate change adaptation trends in small island developing states. ''Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change'' , '''22''' (4), 669–691, doi:10.1007/s11027-015-9693-5. <div id="Robinson--2017b"></div> Robinson, S., 2017b: Mainstreaming climate change adaptation in small island developing states. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''11''' (1), 47–59, doi:10.1080/17565529.2017.1410086. <div id="Robinson--2018a"></div> Robinson, S., 2018a: Adapting to climate change at the national level in Caribbean small island developing state. ''Isl. Stud. J.'' , '''13''' (1), 79–100, doi:10.24043/isj.59. <div id="Robinson--2018b"></div> Robinson, S., 2018b: Climate change adaptation in small island developing states: Insights and lessons from a meta-paradigmatic study. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''85''' , 172–181, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.030. <div id="Robinson--2017"></div> Robinson, S. and M. Dornan, 2017: International financing for climate change adaptation in small island developing states. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''17''' (4), 1103–1115. <div id="Robinson--2016"></div> Robinson, S. and D. Gilfillan, 2016: Regional organisations and climate change adaptation in small island developing states. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''17''' (4), 989–1004, doi:10.1007/s10113-016-0991-6. <div id="Rodriguez--2017"></div> Rodriguez, F., et al., 2017: Canary Islands (NE Atlantic) as a biodiversity ‘hotspot’ of Gambierdiscus: Implications for future trends of ciguatera in the area. ''Harmful Algae'' , '''67''' , 131–143, doi:10.1016/j.hal.2017.06.009. <div id="Rogers--2019"></div> Rogers, K., et al., 2019: Wetland carbon storage controlled by millennial-scale variation in relative sea-level rise. ''Nature'' , '''567''' (7746), 91–95, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0951-7. <div id="Roland--2020"></div> Roland, H.B. and K.J. Curtis, 2020: The differential influence of geographic isolation on environmental migration: a study of internal migration amidst degrading conditions in the central Pacific. ''Popul. Environ.'' , '''42''' (2), 161–182, doi:10.1007/s11111-020-00357-3. <div id="Romero-Torres--2020"></div> Romero-Torres, M., et al., 2020: Coral reef resilience to thermal stress in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''26''' (7), 3880–3890, doi:10.1111/gcb.15126. <div id="Romine--2013"></div> Romine, B. and C. Fletcher, 2013: A Summary of Historical Shoreline Changes on Beaches of Kauai, Oahu, and Maui, Hawaii. ''J. Coast. Res.'' , '''288''' , 605–614, doi:10.2112/jcoastres-d-11-00202.1. <div id="Rubow--2016"></div> Rubow, C. and C. Bird, 2016: Eco-theological Responses to Climate Change in Oceania. ''Worldviews'' , '''20''' (2), 150–168, doi:10.1163/15685357-02002003. <div id="Ruiz--2018"></div> Ruiz, J.M., et al., 2018: Experimental evidence of warming-induced flowering in the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. ''Mar. Pollut. Bull.'' , '''134''' , 49–54, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.037. <div id="Russell--2017"></div> Russell, J. and T. Blackburn, 2017: Invasive Alien Species: Denialism, Disagreement, Definitions, and Dialogue. ''Trends Ecol. Evol.'' , '''32''' (5), 312–314, doi:10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.005. <div id="Russell--2017"></div> Russell, J., J. Meyer, N. Holmes and S. Pagad, 2017: Invasive alien species on islands: impacts, distribution, interactions and management. ''Envir. Conserv.'' , '''44''' (4), 359–370, doi:10.1017/s0376892917000297. <div id="Ryan--2015"></div> Ryan, B., et al., 2015: Identifying and Describing the Impact of Cyclone, Storm and Flood Related Disasters on Treatment Management, Care and Exacerbations of Non-communicable Diseases and the Implications for Public Health. ''PloS Curr. Dis.'' , '''7''' , doi:10.1371/currents.dis.62e9286d152de04799644dcca47d9288. <div id="Sa’adi--2017"></div> Sa’adi, Z., S. Shahid, E.-S. Chung and T. Ismail, 2017: Projection of spatial and temporal changes of rainfall in Sarawak of Borneo Island using statistical downscaling of CMIP5 models. ''Atmos. Res.'' , '''197''' , 446–460, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.08.002. <div id="Saha--2017"></div> Saha, C., 2017: Dynamics of climatic and anthropogenic stressors in risking island-char livelihoods: a case of northwestern Bangladesh. ''Asian. Geogr.'' , '''34''' (2), 107–129, doi:10.1080/10225706.2017.1354770. <div id="Sainsbury--2018"></div> Sainsbury, N., et al., 2018: Changing storminess and global capture fisheries. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''8''' (8), 655–659, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0206-x. <div id="Sainsbury--2019"></div> Sainsbury, N.C., et al., 2019: The challenges of extending climate risk insurance to fisheries. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''9''' (12), 896–897, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0645-z. <div id="Saint Ville--2015"></div> Saint Ville, A., G. Hickey and L. Phillip, 2015: Addressing food and nutrition insecurity in the Caribbean through domestic smallholder farming system innovation. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''15''' (7), 1325–1339, doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0770-9. <div id="Saintilan--2020"></div> Saintilan, N., et al., 2020: Thresholds of mangrove survival under rapid sea level rise. ''Science'' , '''368''' , 1118–1121, doi:10.1126/science.aba2656. <div id="Sakhamuri--2019"></div> Sakhamuri, S. and S. Cummings, 2019: Increasing trans-Atlantic intrusion of Sahara dust: a cause of concern? ''Lancet Planet. Health'' , '''3''' (6), e242–e243, doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30088-9. <div id="Salmon--2019"></div> Salmon, C., V. Duvat and V. Laurent, 2019: Human- and climate-driven shoreline changes on a remote mountainous tropical Pacific Island: Tubuai, French Polynesia. ''Anthropocene'' , '''25''' , doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2019.100191. <div id="Santos-Burgoa--2018"></div> Santos-Burgoa, C., et al., 2018: Differential and persistent risk of excess mortality from Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico: a time-series analysis. ''Lancet Planet. Health'' , '''2''' (11), e478–e488, doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30209-2. <div id="Sasmito--2015"></div> Sasmito, S.D., D. Murdiyarso, D.A. Friess and S. Kurnianto, 2015: Can mangroves keep pace with contemporary sea level rise? A global data review. ''Wetl. Ecol. Manag.'' , '''24''' (2), 263–278, doi:10.1007/s11273-015-9466-7. <div id="Savage--2019"></div> Savage, A., L. McIver and L. Schubert, 2019: Review: the nexus of climate change, food and nutrition security and diet-related non-communicable diseases in Pacific Island Countries and Territories. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''12''' (2), 120–133, doi:10.1080/17565529.2019.1605284. <div id="Saxena--2018"></div> Saxena, A., K. Qui and S. Robinson, 2018: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of climate adaptation actors towards resilience and transformation in a 1.5°C world. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''80''' , 152–159, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.001. <div id="Scandurra--2018"></div> Scandurra, G., A. Romano, M. Ronghi and A. Carfora, 2018: On the vulnerability of Small Island Developing States: A dynamic analysis. ''Ecol. Indic.'' , '''84''' , 382–392, doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.016. <div id="Schewe--2014"></div> Schewe, J., et al., 2014: Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change. ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.'' , '''111''' (9), 3245–3250, doi:10.1073/pnas.1222460110. <div id="Schipper--2016"></div> Schipper, E., et al., 2016: Linking disaster risk reduction, climate change and development. ''Int. J. Dis. Resil. Built Environ.'' , '''7''' (2), 216–228, doi:10.1108/ijdrbe-03-2015-0014. <div id="Schipper--2020"></div> Schipper, E.L.F., et al., 2020: Turbulent transformation: abrupt societal disruption and climate resilient development. ''Clim. Dev.'' , '''13''' (6), 467–474, doi:10.1080/17565529.2020.1799738. <div id="Schleicher--2019"></div> Schleicher, J., C.A. Peres and N. Leader-Williams, 2019: Conservation performance of tropical protected areas: How important is management? ''Conserv. Lett.'' , '''12''' (5), doi:10.1111/conl.12650. <div id="Schnitter--2019"></div> Schnitter, R., et al., 2019: An Assessment of Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation in Dominica. ''Int. J. Environ.Res. Public Health'' , '''16''' (1), doi:10.3390/ijerph16010070. <div id="Schuhmann--2015"></div> Schuhmann, P.W. and R. Mahon, 2015: The valuation of marine ecosystem goods and services in the Caribbean: A literature review and framework for future valuation efforts. ''Ecosyst. Serv.'' , '''11''' , 56–66, doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.07.013. <div id="Schütte--2018"></div> Schütte, S., et al., 2018: Connecting planetary health, climate change, and migration. ''Lancet Planet. Health'' , '''2''' (2), e58–e59, doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30004-4. <div id="Schwebel--2017"></div> Schwebel, M.B., 2017: Gathering at the AOSIS: perceived cooperation among Pacific Small Island States. ''Int. Environ. Agree. Polit. Law Econ.'' , '''18''' (2), 215–228, doi:10.1007/s10784-017-9379-4. <div id="Schweitzer--2018"></div> Schweitzer, M.D., et al., 2018: Lung health in era of climate change and dust storms. ''Environ. Res.'' , '''163''' , 36–42, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.001. <div id="Scobie--2016"></div> Scobie, M., 2016: Policy coherence in climate governance in Caribbean Small Island Developing States. ''Environ. Sci. Policy'' , '''58''' , 16–28, doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.12.008. <div id="Scott--2019"></div> Scott, D., C. Hall and S. Gössling, 2019: Global tourism vulnerability to climate change. ''Ann. Tour. Res.'' , '''77''' , 49–61, doi:10.1016/j.annals.2019.05.007. <div id="Seetanah--2019"></div> Seetanah, B., et al., 2019: Impact of Economic and Financial Development on Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Small Island Developing States (SIDS). ''Emerg. Mark. Finance Trade'' , '''55''' (2), 308–322, doi:10.1080/1540496x.2018.1519696. <div id="Seneviratne--2021"></div> Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate. In ''Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press. <div id="Settele--2014"></div> Settele, J., R. Scholes, R. Betts, S. Bunn, P. Leadley, D. Nepstad, J.T. Overpeck and M. A. Taboada, 2014: Terrestrial and Inland Water Systems. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'' [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 271–360. ISBN 978-1107415379. <div id="Shah--2018"></div> Shah, S., A. Moroca and J. Bhat, 2018: Neo-traditional approaches for ensuring food security in Fiji Islands. ''Environ. Dev.'' , '''28''' , 83–100, doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2018.11.001. <div id="Shaig--2008"></div> Shaig, A., 2008: ''Settlement planning for natural hazard resilience in small island states: the population and development consolidation approach'' . James Cook University. Australia. <div id="Shaig--2011"></div> Shaig, A., 2011: ''Survey of Climate Change Adaptation Measure in Maldives'' Ministry of Housing and Environment and United Nationals Development Programme, Maldives. <div id="Shakeela--2015"></div> Shakeela, A. and S. Becken, 2015: Understanding tourism leaders’ perceptions of risks from climate change: an assessment of policy-making processes in the Maldives using the social amplification of risk framework (SARF). ''J. Sustain. Tour.'' , '''23''' (1), 65–84, doi:10.1080/09669582.2014.918135. <div id="Sheller--2018"></div> Sheller, M., 2018: Caribbean Reconstruction and Climate Justice: Transnational Insurgent Intellectual Networks and Post-Hurricane Transformation. ''J. Extrem. Events'' , '''5''' (4), 1840001, doi:10.1142/S2345737618400018. <div id="Sheller--2020"></div> Sheller, M., 2020: Reconstructing tourism in the Caribbean: connecting pandemic recovery, climate resilience and sustainable tourism through mobility justice. ''J. Sustain. Tour.'' , 1–14, doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1791141. <div id="Shepherd--2018"></div> Shepherd, T., I. Rumengan and A. Sahami, 2018: Post-depositional behaviour of mercury and arsenic in submarine mine tailings deposited in Buyat Bay, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. ''Mar. Environ. Res.'' , '''137''' , 88–97, doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.028. <div id="Shiels--2014"></div> Shiels, A., G. González and M. Willig, 2014: Responses to canopy loss and debris deposition in a tropical forest ecosystem: Synthesis from an experimental manipulation simulating effects of hurricane disturbance. ''For. Ecol. Manag.'' , '''332''' , 124–133, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.08.005. <div id="Shope--2019"></div> Shope, J. and C. Storlazzi, 2019: Assessing Morphologic Controls on Atoll Island Alongshore Sediment Transport Gradients Due to Future Sea-Level Rise. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''6''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00245. <div id="Shope--2016"></div> Shope, J., C. Storlazzi, L. Erikson and C. Hegermiller, 2016: Changes to extreme wave climates of islands within the Western Tropical Pacific throughout the 21st century under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, with implications for island vulnerability and sustainability. ''Glob. Planet. Change.'' , '''141''' , 25–38, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.03.009. <div id="Shope--2017"></div> Shope, J., C. Storlazzi and R. Hoeke, 2017: Projected atoll shoreline and run-up changes in response to sea-level rise and varying large wave conditions at Wake and Midway Atolls, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. ''Geomorphology'' , '''295''' , 537–550, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.08.002. <div id="Short--2016"></div> Short, F., et al., 2016: Impacts of climate change on submerged and emergent wetland plants. ''Aquat. Bot.'' , '''135''' , 3–17, doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.06.006. <div id="Shultz--2018"></div> Shultz, J.M., et al., 2018: Hurricane Risks, Health Consequences, and Response Challenges for Small island Based Populations: Observations from the 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season. ''Dis. Med. Public Health Prep.'' , '''13''' (1), 5–17, doi:10.1017/dmp.2018.28. <div id="Shutter--2020"></div> Shutter, A., 2020: Barbados Sovereign Debt Restructuring 2018-2019—Like the island, small but perfectly formed. ''Cap. Mark. Law J.'' , '''15''' (2), 250–257, doi:10.1093/cmlj/kmaa006. <div id="Siegel--2019"></div> Siegel, K.J., et al., 2019: Sovereign states in the Caribbean have lower social-ecological vulnerability to coral bleaching than overseas territories. ''Proc. Biol. Sci.'' , '''286''' (1897), 20182365, doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2365. <div id="Singeo--2011"></div> Singeo, A., 2011: ''Teaching Indigenous Knowledge towards Environmental Conservation: A Case Study of Camp Ebiil in Palau'' . EIU Best Practices, 22. Asia Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding, Seoul, South Korea. 47 pp. <div id="Singh-Peterson--2018"></div> Singh-Peterson, L. and M. Iranacolaivalu, 2018: Barriers to market for subsistence farmers in Fiji – A gendered perspective. ''J Rural Stud'' , '''60''' , 11–20, doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.03.001. <div id="Sippo--2018"></div> Sippo, J.Z., et al., 2018: Mangrove mortality in a changing climate: An overview. ''Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.'' , '''215''' , 241–249, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2018.10.011. <div id="Smith--2017"></div> Smith, J., et al., 2017: Malaria early warning tool: linking inter-annual climate and malaria variability in northern Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. ''Malar. J.'' , '''16''' (1), 472, doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2120-5. <div id="Smith--2016"></div> Smith, R. and K. Rhiney, 2016: Climate (in)justice, vulnerability and livelihoods in the Caribbean: The case of the indigenous Caribs in northeastern St. Vincent. ''Geoforum'' , '''73''' , 22–31, doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.11.008. <div id="Smithers--2014"></div> Smithers, S. and R. Hoeke, 2014: Geomorphological impacts of high-latitude storm waves on low-latitude reef islands — Observations of the December 2008 event on Nukutoa, Takuu, Papua New Guinea. ''Geomorphology'' , '''222''' , 106–121, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.03.042. <div id="Sofer--2015"></div> Sofer, M., 2015: Kadavu Island: adaptation and stagnation in the Fijian periphery. ''Misc. Geogr.'' , '''19''' (2), 14–20, doi:10.1515/mgrsd-2015-0006. <div id="Spalding--2015"></div> Spalding, M. and B. Brown, 2015: Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. ''Science'' , '''350''' (6262), 769–771, doi:10.1126/science.aad0349. <div id="Spatz--2017a"></div> Spatz, D., et al., 2017a: Globally threatened vertebrates on islands with invasive species. ''Sci. Adv.'' , '''3''' (e1603080), doi:10.1126/sciadv.1603080. <div id="Spatz--2017b"></div> Spatz, D.R., et al., 2017b: Managing Invasive Mammals to Conserve Globally Threatened Seabirds in a Changing Climate. ''Conserv. Lett.'' , '''10''' (6), 736–747, doi:10.1111/conl.12373. <div id="SPC--2016"></div> [[#SPC--2016|SPC, 2016]] : ''Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific: An Integrated Approach to Address Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (FRDP) 2017-2030'' . <div id="SPC--2019"></div> [[#SPC--2019|SPC, 2019]] : ''Policy Brief: Implications of climate-driven redistribution of tuna for Pacific Island economies'' . Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. 4 pp. <div id="SPREP--2016a"></div> [[#SPREP--2016a|SPREP, 2016a]] : ''Pacific Islands Meteorological Services in Action : a compendium of climate services case studies'' . SPREP, Samoa. <div id="SPREP--2016b"></div> [[#SPREP--2016b|SPREP, 2016b]] : ''Vanuatu Framework for Climate Services'' Tait, A. and G. Macara. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research.New Zealand. <div id="SPREP--2017"></div> [[#SPREP--2017|SPREP, 2017]] : ''Pacific Roadmap for Strengthening Climate Services 2017-2026'' . <div id="Springmann--2016"></div> Springmann, M., et al., 2016: Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: a modelling study. ''Lancet'' , '''387''' (10031), 1937–1946, doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01156-3. <div id="Stennett-Brown--2017"></div> Stennett-Brown, R., J. Jones, T. Stephenson and M. Taylor, 2017: Future Caribbean temperature and rainfall extremes from statistical downscaling. ''Int. J. Climatol.'' , '''37''' (14), 4828–4845, doi:10.1002/joc.5126. <div id="Stephenson--2014"></div> Stephenson, T., et al., 2014: Changes in extreme temperature and percipitation in the Caribbean region, 1961-2010. ''Int. J. Climatol.'' , '''34''' , 2957–2971, doi:10.1002/joc.3889. <div id="Stojanov--2017"></div> Stojanov, R., et al., 2017: Local perceptions of climate change impacts and migration patterns in Malé, Maldives. ''Geogr. J.'' , '''183''' (4), 370–385, doi:10.1111/geoj.12177. <div id="Storey--2010"></div> Storey, D. and S. Hunter, 2010: Kiribati: an environmental ‘perfect storm. ''Aust. Geogr.'' , '''41''' (2), 167–181, doi:10.1080/00049181003742294. <div id="Storlazzi--2018"></div> Storlazzi, C., et al., 2018: Most atolls will be uninhabitable by the mid-21st century because of seal-level rise exacerbating wave-driven flooding. ''Sci. Adv.'' , '''4''' , eaap9741, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aap9741. <div id="Strauch--2014"></div> Strauch, A.M., et al., 2014: Climate change and land use drivers of fecal bacteria in tropical hawaiian rivers. ''J. Environ. Qual.'' , '''43''' (4), 1475–1483, doi:10.2134/jeq2014.01.0025. <div id="Strauch--2015"></div> Strauch, A.M., R.A. MacKenzie, C.P. Giardina and G.L. Bruland, 2015: Climate driven changes to rainfall and streamflow patterns in a model tropical island hydrological system. ''J. Hydrol.'' , '''523''' , 160–169, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.045. <div id="Struebig--2015a"></div> Struebig, M., et al., 2015a: Targeted conservation to safeguard a biodiversity hotspot from climate and land-cover change. ''Curr. Biol.'' , '''25''' (3), 372–378, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.067. <div id="Struebig--2015b"></div> Struebig, M.J., et al., 2015b: Anticipated climate and land-cover changes reveal refuge areas for Borneo’s orang-utans. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''21''' (8), 2891–2904, doi:10.1111/gcb.12814. <div id="Suaalii-Sauni--2014"></div> Suaalii-Sauni, T. and S. Fulu-Aiolupotea, 2014: Decolonising Pacific research, building Pacific research communities and developing Pacific research tools: The case of the talanoa and the faafaletui in Samoa. ''Asia Pac. Viewp.'' , '''55''' (3), 331–344, doi:10.1111/apv.12061. <div id="Suliman--2019"></div> Suliman, S., et al., 2019: Indigenous (im)mobilities in the Anthropocene. ''Mobilities'' , '''14''' (3), 298–318, doi:10.1080/17450101.2019.1601828. <div id="Sully--2019"></div> Sully, S., et al., 2019: A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. ''Nat. Commun.'' , '''10''' (1), 1264, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09238-2. <div id="Sunday--2016"></div> Sunday, J.M., et al., 2016: Ocean acidification can mediate biodiversity shifts by changing biogenic habitat. ''Nat. Clim. Change'' , '''7''' (1), 81–85, doi:10.1038/nclimate3161. <div id="Tabe--2019"></div> Tabe, T., 2019: Climate Change Migration and Displacement: Learning from Past Relocations in the Pacific. ''Soc. Sci.'' , '''8''' (218), doi:10.3390/socsci8070218. <div id="Taherkhani--2020"></div> Taherkhani, M., et al., 2020: Sea-level rise exponentially increases coastal flood frequency. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''10''' (1), 6466, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62188-4. <div id="Taillie--2020"></div> Taillie, P., et al., 2020: Widespread mangrove damage resulting from the 2017 Atlantic mega hurricane season. ''Environ. Res. Lett.'' , '''15''' (064010), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab82cf. <div id="Tapsuwan--2015"></div> Tapsuwan, S. and W. Rongrongmuang, 2015: Climate change perception of the dive tourism industry in Koh Tao island, Thailand. ''J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour.'' , '''11''' , 58–63, doi:10.1016/j.jort.2015.06.005. <div id="Taupo--2018"></div> Taupo, T., H. Cuffe and I. Noy, 2018: Household vulnerability on the frontline of climate change: the Pacific atoll nation of Tuvalu. ''Environ. Econ. Policy Stud.'' , '''20''' (4), 705–739, doi:10.1007/s10018-018-0212-2. <div id="Tauvale--2019"></div> Tauvale, L. and K. Tsuboki, 2019: Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones in the Southwest Pacific. ''J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II'' , '''97''' (3), 711–731, doi:10.2151/jmsj.2019-042. <div id="Taylor--2016a"></div> Taylor, A. and K. Kumar, 2016a: Global Climate Change Impacts on Pacific Islands Terrestrial Biodiversity: a review. ''Trop. Conserv. Sci.'' , '''9''' (1), 203–223, doi:10.1177/194008291600900111. <div id="Taylor--2018"></div> Taylor, M., et al., 2018: Future Caribbean Climates in a World of Rising Temperatures: The 1.5 vs 2.0 Dilemma. ''J. Climate'' , '''31''' (7), 2907–2926, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-17-0074.1. <div id="Taylor--2021"></div> Taylor, N.A.S., J.Y. Lee, S. Kim and S.R. Notley, 2021: Physiological interactions with personal-protective clothing, physically demanding work and global warming: An Asia-Pacific perspective. ''J. Therm. Biol.'' , '''97''' , 102858, doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102858. <div id="Taylor--2016b"></div> Taylor, S. and L. Kumar, 2016b: Will climate change impact the potential distribution of a native vine (Merremia peltata) which is behaving invasively in the Pacific region? ''Ecol. Evol.'' , '''6''' (3), 742–754, doi:10.1002/ece3.1915. <div id="Taylor--2019"></div> Taylor, S.F.W., M.J. Roberts, B. Milligan and R. Ncwadi, 2019: Measurement and implications of marine food security in the Western Indian Ocean: an impending crisis? ''Food Sec.'' , '''11''' (6), 1395–1415, doi:10.1007/s12571-019-00971-6. <div id="Techera--2018"></div> Techera, E., 2018: Supporting blue economy agenda: fisheries, food security and climate change in the Indian Ocean. ''J. Indian Ocean. Reg.'' , '''14''' (1), 7–27, doi:10.1080/19480881.2017.1420579. <div id="Terry--2012"></div> Terry, J. and T. Chui, 2012: Evaluating the fate of freshwater lenses on atoll islands after eustatic sea-level rise and cyclone-driven inundation: A modelling approach. ''Glob. Planet. Change.'' , '''88-89''' , 76–84, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.03.008. <div id="Tershy--2015"></div> Tershy, B., et al., 2015: The Importance of Islands for the Protection of Biological and Linguistic Diversity. ''BioScience'' , '''65''' (6), doi:10.1093/biosci/biv031. <div id="Teurlai--2015"></div> Teurlai, M., et al., 2015: Socio-economic and Climate Factors Associated with Dengue Fever Spatial Heterogeneity: A Worked Example in New Caledonia. ''PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.'' , '''9''' (12), e4211, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004211. <div id="Thiault--2018"></div> Thiault, L., et al., 2018: Mapping social-ecological vulnerability to inform local decision making. ''Conserv. Biol.'' , '''32''' (2), 447–456, doi:10.1111/cobi.12989. <div id="Thomas--2017"></div> Thomas, A. and L. Benjamin, 2017: Management of loss and damage in small island developing states: implications for a 1.5°C or warmer world. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''18''' (8), 2369–2378, doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1184-7. <div id="Thomas--2018a"></div> Thomas, A. and L. Benjamin, 2018a: Perceptions of climate change risk in The Bahamas. ''J. Environ. Stud. Sci.'' , '''8''' (1), 63–72, doi:10.1007/s13412-017-0429-6. <div id="Thomas--2018b"></div> Thomas, A. and L. Benjamin, 2018b: Policies and mechanisms to address climate-induced migration and displacement in Pacific and Caribbean small island developing states. ''Int. J. Clim. Chang. Strateg. Manag.'' , '''10''' (1), T86–104, doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2017-0055. <div id="Thomas--2019"></div> Thomas, A. and L. Benjamin, 2019: Non-economic loss and damage: lessons from displacement in the Caribbean. ''Clim. Policy'' , 1–14, doi:10.1080/14693062.2019.1640105. <div id="Thomas--2020"></div> Thomas, A., O. Serdeczny and P. Pringle, 2020: Loss and damage research for the global stocktake. ''Nat. Clim. Chang.'' , '''10''' (8), 700–700, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0807-z. <div id="Thomas--2021"></div> Thomas, A., et al., 2021: Global evidence of constraints and limits to human adaptation. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''21''' (3), doi:10.1007/s10113-021-01808-9. <div id="Thomson--2016"></div> Thomson, L., R. Thaman and F. Anna, 2016: Chapter 8: Native forests, plantation forests and trees outside forests: their vulnerability and roles in mitigating and building resilience to climate Change. In: ''Vulnerability of Pacific Agriculture and Forestry to Climate Change'' [Taylor, M., A. McGregor and B. Dawson(eds.)]. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, New Caledonia, pp. 383–446. <div id="Ticktin--2018"></div> Ticktin, T., et al., 2018: Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests. ''Conserv. Biol.'' , '''32''' (5), 1085–1095, doi:10.1111/cobi.13152. <div id="Tietze--2018"></div> Tietze, U. and R. van Anrooy, 2018: ''Assessment of insurance needs and opportunities in the Caribbean fisheries sector'' . FAO FIsheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1175,. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 62 pp. <div id="Timm--2015"></div> Timm, E., T. Giambelluca and H. Diaz, 2015: Statistical downscaling of rainfall changes in Hawai’i based on the CMIP5 global model projections. ''J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.'' , '''120''' , 92–112, doi:10.1002/2014JD022059. <div id="Townhill--2021"></div> Townhill, B.L., et al., 2021: Climate Change Impacts on Atlantic Oceanic Island Tuna Fisheries. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''8''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.634280. <div id="Traylor--2020"></div> Traylor, J. and M. Singhal, 2020: Ciguatera Toxicity. In: ''StatPearls'' . StatPearls Publishing. <div id="Trotman--2017"></div> Trotman, A., et al., 2017: Chapter 20: Drought Risk Management in the Caribbean Community: Early Warning Information and Other Risk Reduction Considerations. In: ''Drought and Water Crises: Integrating science, management, and policy'' [Wilhite, D. and R. Pulwarty(eds.)]. Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton. <div id="Trotman--2018"></div> Trotman, A., et al., 2018: Strengthening Climate Services for the Health Sector in the Caribbean. ''World Meteorol. Organ. Bull.'' , '''67''' (2). <div id="Trundle--2018"></div> Trundle, A., B. Barth and D. McEvoy, 2018: Leveraging endogenous climate resilience: urban adpatation in Pacific Small Island Developing States. ''Environ. Urban.'' , '''31''' (1), 53–74, doi:10.1177/0956247818816654. <div id="Tserkezis--2016"></div> Tserkezis, E. and A. Tsakanikas, 2016: The economic impact of mining activity on the Greek island of Milos: An unusual neighbor. ''Extr. Ind. Soc.'' , '''3''' (1), 129–140, doi:10.1016/j.exis.2015.10.007. <div id="Tuck--2019"></div> Tuck, M., P. Kench, M. Ford and G. Masselink, 2019: Physical modelling of the response of reef islands to sea level rise. ''Geology'' , '''47''' (9), doi:10.1130/G46362.1. <div id="Turner--2020"></div> Turner, R., P. McConney and I. Monnereau, 2020: Climate Change Adaptation and Extreme Weather in the Small-Scale Fisheries of Dominica. ''Coast. Manag.'' , '''48''' (5), 436–455, doi:10.1080/08920753.2020.1795970. <div id="Umeyama--2012"></div> Umeyama, M., 2012: Shore Protection against Sea Level Rise and Tropical Cyclones in Small Island States. ''Nat. Hazards Rev.'' , '''13''' (2), 106–116, doi:10.1061/(asce)nh.1527-6996.0000052. <div id="UN--2015a"></div> [[#UN--2015a|UN, 2015a]] : ''Paris Agreement'' . https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf . <div id="UN--2015b"></div> [[#UN--2015b|UN, 2015b]] : ''Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030'' . https://www.unisdr.org/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf . <div id="UN--2015c"></div> [[#UN--2015c|UN, 2015c]] : ''Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development'' . https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf . <div id="UNEP--2014a"></div> [[#UNEP--2014a|UNEP, 2014a]] : ''Emerging issues for Small Island Developing States. Results of the UNEP/UN DESA Foresight Process'' . United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. <div id="UNEP--2014b"></div> [[#UNEP--2014b|UNEP, 2014b]] : ''The importance of mangroves to people: A call to action'' van Bochove, J., E. Sullivan and T. Nakamura. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, ISBN 978-9280733976. <div id="Vafeidis--2019"></div> Vafeidis, A., et al., 2019: Water-level attenuation in global-scale assessments of exposure to coastal flooding: a sensitivity analysis. ''Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.'' , '''19''' (5), 973–984, doi:10.5194/nhess-19-973-2019. <div id="Van Beusekom--2018"></div> Van Beusekom, A., et al., 2018: Hurricane Maria in the U.S. Caribbean: Disturbance Forces, Variation of Effects, and Implications for Future Storms. ''Remote Sens.'' , '''10''' (9), doi:10.3390/rs10091386. <div id="van den Burg--2020"></div> van den Burg, M.P., J.L.K. Brisbane and C.R. Knapp, 2020: Post-hurricane relief facilitates invasion and establishment of two invasive alien vertebrate species in the Commonwealth of Dominica, West Indies. ''Biol. Invasions'' , '''22''' (2), 195–203, doi:10.1007/s10530-019-02107-5. <div id="van der Veeken--2016"></div> van der Veeken, S., et al., 2016: Tourism destinations’ vulnerability to climate change: Nature-based tourism in Vava’u, the Kingdom of Tonga. ''Tour. Hosp. Res.'' , '''16''' (1), 50–71, doi:10.1177/1467358415611068. <div id="van Hooidonk--2016"></div> van Hooidonk, R., et al., 2016: Local-scale projections of coral reef futures and implications of the Paris Agreement. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''6''' , 39666, doi:10.1038/srep39666. <div id="van Kleunen--2015"></div> van Kleunen, M., et al., 2015: Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants. ''Nature'' , '''525''' (7567), 100–103, doi:10.1038/nature14910. <div id="van Tussenbroek--2017"></div> van Tussenbroek, B., et al., 2017: Severe impacts of brown tides caused by Sargassum spp. on near-shore Caribbean seagrass communities. ''Mar. Pollut. Bull.'' , '''122''' (1-2), 272–281, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.057. <div id="Varela--2019"></div> Varela, M., et al., 2019: Assessing climate change associated sea level rise impacts on sea turtle nesting beaches using drones, photogrammetry and a novel GPS system. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''25''' (2), 753–762, doi:10.1111/gcb.14526. <div id="Varotsos--2021"></div> Varotsos, K.V., et al., 2021: Near future climate change projections with implications for the agricultural sector of three major Mediterranean islands. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''21''' (1), doi:10.1007/s10113-020-01736-0. <div id="Vaughan--2014"></div> Vaughan, C. and S. Dessai, 2014: Climate services for society: origins, institutional arrangements, and design elements for an evaluation framework. ''WIREs Clim. Chang.'' , '''5''' (5), 587–603, doi:10.1002/wcc.290. <div id="Vaughan--2018"></div> Vaughan, C., S. Dessi and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying Climate Services: What Can We Learn from a Bird’s-Eye View? ''Weather. Clim. Soc.'' , '''10''' , 373–395, doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-17-0030.1. <div id="Veelenturf--2020"></div> Veelenturf, C.A., E.M. Sinclair, F.V. Paladino and S. Honarvar, 2020: Predicting the impacts of sea level rise in sea turtle nesting habitat on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. ''PLoS ONE'' , '''15''' (7), e222251, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222251. <div id="Vincent--2014"></div> Vincent, K. and T. Cull, 2014: Using Indicators to Assess Climate Change and Vulnerabilities: Are There Lessons to Lear from Emerging Loss and Damage Debates? ''Geogr. Compass'' , '''8''' (1), 1–12, doi:10.1111/gec3.12105. <div id="Virah-Sawmy--2016"></div> Virah-Sawmy, M., et al., 2016: A landscape vulnerability framework for identifying integrated conservation and adaptation pathways to climate change: the case of Madagascar’s spiny forest. ''Landscape Ecol.'' , '''31''' (3), 637–654, doi:10.1007/s10980-015-0269-2. <div id="Vitousek--2017"></div> Vitousek, S., et al., 2017: Doubling of coastal flooding frequency within decades due to sea-level rise. ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''7''' (1), 1399, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01362-7. <div id="Vogiatzakis--2016"></div> Vogiatzakis, I., A. Mannion and D. Sarris, 2016: Mediterranean island biodiversity and climate change: the last 10,000 years and the future. ''Biodivers. Conserv.'' , '''25''' (13), 2597–2627, doi:10.1007/s10531-016-1204-9. <div id="Volz--2020"></div> Volz, U., et al., 2020: ''Climate Change and Sovereign Risk. SOAS'' . University of London, Asian Development Bank Institute, World Wide Fund for Nature Singapore, Four Twenty Seven, London, UK. <div id="Vorsino--2014"></div> Vorsino, A.E., et al., 2014: Modeling Hawaiian ecosystem degradation due to invasive plants under current and future climates. ''PLoS ONE'' , '''9''' (5), e95427, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095427. <div id="Vousdoukas--2020"></div> Vousdoukas, M., et al., 2020: Sandy coastlines under threat of erosion. ''Nat. Clim. Chang.'' , '''10''' , 260–263, doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0697-0. <div id="Wabnitz--2018"></div> Wabnitz, C., A. Cisneros-Montemayor, Q. Hanich and Y. Ota, 2018: Ecotourism, climate change and reef fish consumption in Palau: Benefits, trade-offs and adaptation strategies. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''88''' , 323–332, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.07.022. <div id="Wadey--2017"></div> Wadey, M., S. Brown, R. Nicholls and I. Haigh, 2017: Coastal flooding in the Maldives: an assessment of historic events and their implications. ''Nat. Hazards'' , '''89''' (1), 131–159, doi:10.1007/s11069-017-2957-5. <div id="Wairiu--2017"></div> Wairiu, M., 2017: Land degradation and sustainable land management practices in Pacific Island Countries. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''17''' (4), 1053–1064, doi:10.1007/s10113-016-1041-0. <div id="Waite--2014"></div> Waite, R., L. Burke and E. Gray, 2014: ''Coastal Capital: Ecosystem Valuation for Decision Making in the Caribbean'' . World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. <div id="Walcker--2019"></div> Walcker, R., et al., 2019: Damages caused by hurricane irma in the human-degraded mangroves of Saint Martin (Caribbean). ''Sci. Rep.'' , '''9''' (18971), doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55393-3. <div id="Walsh--2016"></div> Walsh, K., et al., 2016: Tropical cyclones and climate change. ''Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Chang.'' , '''7''' (1), 65–89, doi:10.1002/wcc.371. <div id="Wandres--2020"></div> Wandres, M., et al., 2020: Distant-Source Swells Cause Coastal Inundation on Fiji’s Coral Coast. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''7''' , doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00546. <div id="Wang--2019"></div> Wang, M., et al., 2019: The great Atlantic Sargassum belt. ''Science'' , '''365''' , 83–87, doi:10.1126/science.aaw7912. <div id="Warix--2017"></div> Warix, S., L. Rademacher and M. Stege, 2017: ''Groundwater Resource Vulnerability to Climate Change: Outer Atolls of the Republic of the Marshall Islands'' . <div id="Warren--2018a"></div> Warren, R., et al., 2018a: The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5C rather than 2C. ''Science'' , '''360''' , 791–795, doi:10.1126/science.aar3646. <div id="Warren--2018b"></div> Warren, R., et al., 2018b: The implications of the United Nations Paris Agreement on climate change for globally significant biodiversity areas. ''Clim. Change'' , '''147''' (3-4), 395–409, doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2158-6. <div id="Warrick--2017"></div> Warrick, O., et al., 2017: The ‘Pacific Adaptive Capacity Analysis Framework’: guiding the assessment of adaptive capacity in Pacific island communities. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''17''' (4), 1039–1051, doi:10.1007/s10113-016-1036-x. <div id="Waycott--2009"></div> Waycott, M., et al., 2009: Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. ''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A'' , '''106''' (30), 12377–12381, doi:10.1073/pnas.0905620106. <div id="Waycott--2011"></div> Waycott, M., et al., 2011: Chapter 6: Vulnerability of mangroves, seagrasses and intertidal flats in the tropical Pacific to climate change. In: ''Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change'' [Bell, J., J.E. Johnson and A.J. Hobday(eds.)]. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia, pp. 297–368. <div id="Weatherdon--2016"></div> Weatherdon, L., et al., 2016: Observed and Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Fisheries, Aquaculture, Coastal Tourism, and Human Health: An Update. ''Front. Mar. Sci.'' , '''3''' (48), doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00048. <div id="Webb--2010"></div> Webb, A. and P. Kench, 2010: The dynamic response of reef islands to sea-level rise: Evidence from multi-decadal analysis of island change in the Central Pacific. ''Glob. Planet. Change.'' , '''72''' (3), 234–246, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.05.003. <div id="Webb--2015"></div> Webb, J., et al., 2015: Tools for CBA: Lessons from NGO Collaboration in Vanuatu. ''Coast. Manag.'' , '''43''' (4), 407–423, doi:10.1080/08920753.2015.1046807. <div id="Weber--2016a"></div> Weber, E., 2016a: Only a pawn in their games? Environmental (?) migration in Kiribati - past, present and future. ''Erde'' , '''147''' (2), 153–164, doi:10.12854/erde-147-11. <div id="Weber--2016b"></div> Weber, E., 2016b: Trade agreements, labour mobility and climate change in the Pacific Islands. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''17''' (4), 1089–1101, doi:10.1007/s10113-016-1047-7. <div id="Weiler--2018"></div> Weiler, F., C. Klöck and M. Dornan, 2018: Vulnerability, good governance, or donor interests? The allocation of aid for climate change adaptation. ''World Dev.'' , '''104''' , 65–77, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.001. <div id="Weir--2018"></div> Weir, T., 2018: Renewable energy in the Pacific Islands: Its role and status. ''Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.'' , '''94''' , 762–771, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.069. <div id="Weir--2020"></div> Weir, T., 2020: Adaptation in Small Islands: Research Themes and Gaps. In: ''Managing Cliamte Change Adaptation in the Pacific Region'' [Filho, W.L.(ed.)]. Springer, Cham, pp. 45–67. <div id="Weir--2017"></div> Weir, T., L. Dovey and D. Orcherton, 2017: Social and cultural issues raised by climate change in Pacific Island countries: an overview. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''17''' (4), 1017–1028, doi:10.1007/s10113-016-1012-5. <div id="Weir--2020"></div> Weir, T. and M. Kumar, 2020: Renewable energy can enhance resilience of small islands. ''Nat. Hazards'' , 1–7, doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04266-4. <div id="Weir--2017"></div> Weir, T. and J. Pittock, 2017: Human dimensions of environmental change in small island developing states: some common themes. ''Reg. Environ. Change'' , '''17''' (4), 949–958, doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1135-3. <div id="Weissenberger--2018"></div> Weissenberger, S., 2018: Haïti: vulnérabilité, résilience et changements climatiques. ''Haiti Perspect.'' , '''6''' (3), 19–26. <div id="Wetzel--2013"></div> Wetzel, F., H. Beissmann, D. Penn and W. Jetz, 2013: Vulnerability of terrestrial island vertebrates to projected sea-level rise. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''19''' (7), 2058–2070, doi:10.1111/gcb.12185. <div id="Wetzel--2012"></div> Wetzel, F., W. Kissling, H. Beissmann and D. Penn, 2012: Future climate change driven sea-level rise: secondary consequences from human displacement for island biodiversity. ''Glob. Change Biol.'' , '''18''' (9), 2707–2719, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02736.x. <div id="WHO--2015"></div> [[#WHO--2015|WHO, 2015]] : ''Operational framework for building climate resilient health systems'' . World Health Organization, Geneva. <div id="WHO--2018"></div> [[#WHO--2018|WHO, 2018]] : ''Climate change and health in small island developing nations: a WHO special initiative'' . World Health Organizations, Geneva. <div id="WHO--2020"></div> [[#WHO--2020|WHO, 2020]] : ''WHO Guidance for Climate-Resilient and Environmentally Sustainable Health Care Facilities'' . Wold Health Organization, Geneva. <div id="Williams--2020"></div> Williams, D., S. Rosendo, O. Sadasing and L. Celliers, 2020: Identifying local governance capacity needs for implementing climate change adaptation in Mauritius. ''Clim. Policy'' , '''20''' (5), 548–562, doi:10.1080/14693062.2020.1745743. <div id="Wilson--2018"></div> Wilson, A. and C. Forsyth, 2018: Restoring near-shore marine ecosystems to enhance climate security for island ocean states: Aligning international processes and local practices. ''Mar. Policy.'' , '''93''' , 284–294, doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.01.018. <div id="Wilson--2013"></div> Wilson, K., 2013: Wan laki aelan? Diverse development strategies on Aniwa, Vanuatu. ''Asia Pac.Viewp.'' , '''54''' (2), 246–263, doi:10.1111/apv.12012. <div id="Wilson--2017"></div> Wilson, R., 2017: Impacts of Climate Change on Mangrove Ecosystems in the Coastal and Marine Environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS). ''Caribbean Mar. Clim. Chang. Rep. Card: Sci. Rev.'' , '''2017''' , 61–82. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/607715/7._Mangroves_combined.pdf . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="WMO--2014"></div> [[#WMO--2014|WMO, 2014]] : ''Implementation Plan of the Global Framework for Climate Services'' . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="WMO--2019"></div> [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|WMO, 2019]] : ''Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) Implementation in Dominica'' . https://gfcs.wmo.int . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="WMO--2019"></div> [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|WMO, 2019]] : ''Programme for building regional climate capacity in the Caribbean'' . https://public.wmo.int/en/projects/program-building-regional-climate-capacity-caribbean . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="WMO--2019"></div> [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|WMO, 2019]] : ''Implementing the Global Framework for Climate Services at Regional and National Scales'' . https://public.wmo.int/en/projects/implementing-global-framework-climate-services-gfcs-regional-and-national-scales . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="WMO--2019"></div> [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|]] [[#WMO--2019|WMO, 2019]] : ''Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEWS)'' . https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/drr/projects/Thematic/MHEWS/MHEWS_en.html . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="WMO--2020"></div> [[#WMO--2020|WMO, 2020]] : ''2020 State of Climate Services: Risk Information and Early Warning Systems'' . https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10385 . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="WMO--2018"></div> WMO, UNDRR and WB, 2018: ''Caribbean 2017 Hurricane Season: an evidence-based assessment of the Early Warning System'' . WMO, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2018_wmo_crews-caribbean-report_en.pdf . Retrieved 10 June 2021. <div id="Woesik--2012"></div> Woesik, R., et al., 2012: Climate-change refugia in the sheltered bays of Palau: analogs of future reefs. ''Ecol. Evol.'' , '''2''' (10), 2474–2484, doi:10.1002/ece3.363. <div id="Wolcott--2018"></div> Wolcott, D., D. Donner, D. Brown and C. Ribic, 2018: Kirtland’s Warbler Winter Habitat Changes Across the Bahamian Archipelago in Response to Future Climate-condition Scenarios. ''Caribb. Nat.'' , '''49''' , 1–20. <div id="Woodhead--2019"></div> Woodhead, A., et al., 2019: Coral reef ecosystem services in the Anthropocene. ''Funct. Ecol.'' , '''33''' , doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13331. <div id="World Bank--2016"></div> [[#World%20Bank--2016|World Bank, 2016]] : ''Managing Coasts with Natural Solutions: Guidelines for Measuring and Valuing the Coastal Protection Services of Mangroves and Coral Reefs'' Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services Partnership (WAVES). World Bank, Washington, D.C. <div id="Yamano--2007"></div> Yamano, H., et al., 2007: Atoll island vulnerability to flooding and inundation revealed by historical reconstruction: Fongafale Islet, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. ''Glob. Planet. Change.'' , '''57''' (3-4), 407–416, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.02.007. <div id="Yang--2015"></div> Yang, Z., T. Wang, N. Voisin and A. Copping, 2015: Estuarine response to river flow and sea-level rise under future climate change and human development. ''Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.'' , '''156''' , 19–30, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2014.08.015. <div id="Yoshida--2017"></div> Yoshida, K., et al., 2017: Future Changes in Tropical Cyclone Activity in High-Resolution Large-Ensemble Simulations. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' , '''44''' (19), 9910–9917, doi:10.1002/2017gl075058. <div id="Zahid--2018"></div> Zahid, A., et al., 2018: Chapter 32: Model Impact of Climate Change on the Groundwater Flow and Salinity Encroachment in the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh. In: ''Groundwater of South Asia'' [Mukherjee, A.(ed.)]. Springer Hydrogeography, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 545–568. ISBN 978-9811038884. <div id="Zheng--2020"></div> Zheng, L., et al., 2020: Modeling the time-lag effect of sea surface temperatures on ciguatera poisoning in the South Pacific: Implications for surveillance and response. ''Toxicon'' , '''182''' , 21–29, doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.001. ----- <div id="footnote-001" class="_idFootnote"></div> [[#footnote-001-backlink|1]] In this Report, the following summary terms are used to describe the available evidence: limited, medium or robust; and for the degree of agreement: low, medium or high. A level of confidence is expressed using five qualifiers: very low, low, medium, high, and very high, and typeset in italics, e.g., ''medium confidence'' . For a given evidence and agreement statement, different confidence levels can be assigned, but increasing levels of evidence and degrees of agreement are correlated with increasing confidence. <div id="footnote-000" class="_idFootnote"></div> [[#footnote-000-backlink|2]] In this Report, the following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or a result: ''virtually certain'' 99–100% probability, ''very likely'' 90–100%, ''likely'' 66–100%, ''about as likely as not'' 33–66%, ''unlikely'' 0–33%, ''very unlikely'' 0–10%, and ''exceptionally unlikely'' 0–1%. Additional terms ( ''extremely likely'' 95–100%, ''more likely than not'' >50–100%, and ''extremely unlikely'' 0–5%) may also be used when appropriate. Assessed likelihood is typeset in italics, e.g., ''very likely'' ). This Report also uses the term ‘ ''likely'' range’ to indicate that the assessed likelihood of an outcome lies within the 17–83% probability range.
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to ClimateKG may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see
ClimateKG:Copyrights
for details).
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Search
Search
Editing
IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-15
(section)
Add languages
Add topic