Editing IPCC:AR6/WGII/Chapter-5 (section)

==== 5.5.4.1 Contributions of Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge ====

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Indigenous knowledge has a role to play in helping livestock keepers adapt ( ''medium confidence'' ), though the transferability of this knowledge is often unclear. Pastoralists’ local knowledge of climate and ecological change can complement scientific research ( [[#Klein--2014|Klein et al., 2014]] ), and local knowledge can be mobilised to inform adaptation decision making ( [[#Klenk--2017|Klenk et al., 2017]] ). While Indigenous weather forecasting systems among pastoralists in Ethiopia ( [[#Balehegn--2019|Balehegn et al., 2019]] ; [[#Iticha--2019|Iticha and Husen, 2019]] ) and Uganda ( [[#Nkuba--2020|Nkuba et al., 2020]] ) are effective, synergies can be gained by combining traditional and modern knowledge to help pastoralists adapt. Sophisticated knowledge of feed resources among agro-pastoralists in West Africa is being used to increase system resilience ( [[#Naah--2019|Naah and Braun, 2019]] ). Understanding local knowledge for adaptation can present research challenges, for which new multi-disciplinary research methods may be needed ( [[#Reyes-Garcia--2016|Reyes-Garcia et al., 2016]] ; Roncoli et al., 2016). In particular, the complexities of knowledge, practice, power, local governance and politics need to be addressed ( [[#Hopping--2016|Hopping et al., 2016]] ; [[#Scoville-Simonds--2020|Scoville-Simonds et al., 2020]] ).

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'''Box 5.5: Alternative Sources of Protein for Food and Feed'''
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Alternative protein sources for human food and livestock feed are receiving considerable attention. Laboratory or ‘clean meat’ is one potential contributor to the human demand for protein in the future (SRCLL). Such technology may be highly disruptive to existing value chains but could lead to significant reduction in land use for pastures and crop-based animal feeds ( [[#Burton--2019|Burton, 2019]] ; [[#Rosenzweig--2020|Rosenzweig et al., 2020]] ). The impacts on GHG emissions depend on the meat being substituted and the trade-off between industrial energy consumption and agricultural land requirements ( [[#Mattick--2015|Mattick et al., 2015]] ; [[#Alexander--2017|Alexander et al., 2017]] ; [[#Rubio--2020b|Rubio et al., 2020b]] ; [[#Santo--2020|Santo et al., 2020]] ). Livestock feeds can make use of other protein sources: insects are generally rich in protein and can be a significant source of vitamins and minerals. Black soldier fly, yellow mealworm and the common housefly have been identified for potential use in feed products in the EU, for example ( [[#Henchion--2017|Henchion et al., 2017]] ). Replacing land-based crops in livestock diets with some proportion of insect-derived protein may reduce the GHG emissions associated with livestock production, though these and other potential effects have not yet been quantified ( [[#Parodi--2018|Parodi et al., 2018]] ; [[#5.13.2|Section 5.13.2]] ). Other sources are high-protein woody plants such as paper mulberry ( [[#Du--2021|Du et al., 2021]] ) and algae, including seaweed. While microalgae and cyanobacteria are mainly sold as a dietary supplement for human consumption, they are also used as a feed additive for livestock and aquaculture, being nutritionally comparable to vegetable proteins. The potential for cultivated seaweed as a feed supplement may be even greater: some red and green seaweeds are rich in highly digestible protein. ''Asparagopsis taxiformis'' , for example, also decreases methane production in both cattle and sheep when used as a feed supplement ( [[#Machado--2016|Machado et al., 2016]] ; [[#Li--2018b|Li et al., 2018b]] ). Novel protein sources may have considerable potential for sustainably delivering protein for food and feed alike, though their nutritional, environmental, technological and socioeconomic impacts at scale need to be researched and evaluated further.

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