Editing IPCC:AR6/WGIII/Chapter-10 (section)

=== FAQ 10.1 | How important is electromobility in decarbonising transport and are there major constraints in battery minerals? ===

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Electromobility is the biggest change in transport since AR5. When powered with low-carbon electricity, electric vehicles (EVs) provide a mechanism for major GHG emissions reductions from the largest sources in the transport sectors, including cars, motorbikes, autorickshaws, buses and trucks. The mitigation potential of EVs depends on the decarbonisation of the power system. EVs can be charged by home or business renewable power before or in parallel to the transition to grid-based low-carbon power.

Electromobility is happening rapidly in micromobility (e-autorickshaws, e-scooters, e-bikes) and in transit systems, especially buses. EV adoption is also accelerating for personal cars. EVs can be used in grid stabilisation through smart charging applications.

The state-of-the-art lithium-lon batteries (LIBs) available in 2020 are superior to alternative cell technologies in terms of battery life, energy density, specific energy, and cost. The expected further improvements in LIBs suggest these chemistries will remain superior to alternative battery technologies in the medium term, and therefore LIBs will continue to dominate the electric vehicle market.

Dependence on LIB metals will remain, which may be a concern from the perspective of resource availability and costs. However, the demand for such metals is much lower than the reserves available, with many new mines starting up in response to the new market, particularly in a diversity of places.

Recycling batteries will significantly reduce long-term resource requirements. The standardisation of battery modules and packaging within and across vehicle platforms, as well as increased focus on design for recyclability, are important. Many mobility manufacturers and governments are considering battery recycling issues to ensure the process is mainstreamed.

The most significant enabling condition in electromobility is to provide electric recharging opportunities and an integration strategy so that vehicles support the grid.

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